Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2022 May;32(3):e2306.
doi: 10.1002/rmv.2306. Epub 2021 Oct 21.

Hospitalised versus outpatient COVID-19 patients' background characteristics and comorbidities: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Paola P Mattey-Mora  1 , Connor A Begle  1 , Candice K Owusu  1 , Chen Chen  1 , Maria A Parker  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Hospitalised versus outpatient COVID-19 patients' background characteristics and comorbidities: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Paola P Mattey-Mora et al. Rev Med Virol. 2022 May.

Abstract

This study aimed to systematically assess COVID-19 patient background characteristics and pre-existing comorbidities associated with hospitalisation status. The meta-analysis included cross-sectional, cohort, and case-series studies with information on hospitalisation versus outpatient status for COVID-19 patients, with background characteristics and pre-existing comorbidities. A total of 1,002,006 patients from 40 studies were identified. Significantly higher odds of hospitalisation were observed in Black individuals (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04-1.70), males (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.43-1.76), and persons with current/past smoking (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.34-1.88). Additionally, individuals with pre-existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised [asthma (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02-1.45), COPD (OR = 3.68, 95% CI: 2.97-4.55), congestive heart failure (OR = 6.80, 95% CI: 4.97-9.31), coronary heart disease (OR = 4.40, 95% CI: 3.15-6.16), diabetes (OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 3.29-4.63), hypertension (OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 3.34-4.54), obesity (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.59-2.46) and renal chronic disease (OR = 5.84, 95% CI: 4.51-7.56)]. High heterogeneity and low publication bias among all factors were found. Age was not included due to the large variability in the estimates reported. In this systematic review/meta-analysis for patients with COVID-19, Black patients, males, persons who smoke, and those with pre-existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised than their counterparts. Findings provide evidence of populations with higher odds of hospitalisation for COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; background characteristics; co-morbidities; demographics; hospitalisation; meta-analysis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors whose names are listed in this document, certify that they have no affiliation with or involvement in any organisation or entity with financial interest or non‐financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Flowchart for literature search
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS‐CoV‐2 and COVID‐19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19(3):141‐154. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Johns Hopkins University & Medicine . COVID‐19 Map. Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
    1. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): a review. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;324(8):782‐793. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.12839 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rosenthal N, Cao Z, Gundrum J, Sianis J, Safo S. Risk factors associated with in‐hospital mortality in a US national sample of patients with COVID‐19. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2029058. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.29058 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. CDC . COVIDdata tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid‐data‐tracker

Publication types