Alterations of Stress-Related Glucocorticoids and Endocannabinoids in Hair of Chronic Cocaine Users

Abstract

Background: Previous research in animals and humans has demonstrated a potential role of stress regulatory systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the endocannabinoid (eCB) system, in the development of substance use disorders. We thus investigated alterations of HPA and eCB markers in individuals with chronic cocaine use disorder by using an advanced hair analysis technique.

Methods: We compared hair concentrations of glucocorticoids (cortisone, cortisol) and the eCBs 2-arachidonylglycerol, anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) between 48 recreational cocaine users (RCU), 25 dependent cocaine users (DCU), and 67 stimulant-naïve controls. Self-reported substance use and hair concentrations of substances were also assessed.

Results: Significantly higher concentrations of hair cortisone were found in RCU and DCU compared with controls. Hair concentrations of OEA and PEA were significantly lower in DCU compared with RCU and controls. Additionally, within cocaine users, elevated cocaine hair concentration was a significant predictor for increased glucocorticoid and decreased OEA hair levels. Moreover, higher 3,4-methyl​enedioxymethamphetamine hair concentration was correlated with elevated cortisone and AEA, OEA, and PEA levels in hair within cocaine users, whereas more self-reported cannabis use was associated with lower eCBs levels in hair across the total sample.

Conclusion: Our findings support the hypothesis that the HPA axis and eCB system might be important regulators for substance use disorders. The mechanistic understanding of changes in glucocorticoid and eCB levels in future research might be a promising pharmacological target to reduce stress-induced craving and relapse specifically in cocaine use disorder.

Keywords: Addiction; cortisol; endocannabinoids; hair; stimulants; substance use disorder.

Figure 1.

Group differences in glucocorticoids and eCB hair concentrations displayed by boxplots with individual data points. Boxplots show the median with the lower and upper quartiles ±1.5 inner quartile range. Significant P-values marked with P < .05*, P < .01**, P < .001*** Abbreviations: 2-AG, 2-arachidonylglycerol; AEA, anandamide; DCU, dependent cocaine user, OEA, oleoylethanolamide; PEA, palmitoylethanolamide; RCU, recreational cocaine users.

Figure 2.

Heat matrix of regression coefficients with significant standardized β-values are shown (P < .05). Dependent variables are listed on the y-axis and regressors on the x-axis.^aWithin chronic cocaine users. ^b Overall participants (chronic cocaine users and controls). Abbreviations: 2-AG, 2-arachidonylglycerol; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; AEA, anandamide; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; MDMA, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine; OEA, oleoylethanolamide; PEA, palmitoylethanolamide.