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Review
. 2021 Oct 15;14(20):6123.
doi: 10.3390/ma14206123.

Synthetic Material for Bone, Periodontal, and Dental Tissue Regeneration: Where Are We Now, and Where Are We Heading Next?

Chia Wei Cheah  1 , Nisreen Mohammed Al-Namnam  2 , May Nak Lau  1 , Ghee Seong Lim  1 , Renukanth Raman  3 , Peter Fairbairn  4 , Wei Cheong Ngeow  1
Affiliations
Review

Synthetic Material for Bone, Periodontal, and Dental Tissue Regeneration: Where Are We Now, and Where Are We Heading Next?

Chia Wei Cheah et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Alloplasts are synthetic, inorganic, biocompatible bone substitutes that function as defect fillers to repair skeletal defects. The acceptance of these substitutes by host tissues is determined by the pore diameter and the porosity and inter-connectivity. This narrative review appraises recent developments, characterization, and biological performance of different synthetic materials for bone, periodontal, and dental tissue regeneration. They include calcium phosphate cements and their variants β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ceramics and biphasic calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-TCP ceramics), calcium sulfate, bioactive glasses and polymer-based bone substitutes which include variants of polycaprolactone. In summary, the search for synthetic bone substitutes remains elusive with calcium compounds providing the best synthetic substitute. The combination of calcium sulphate and β-TCP provides improved handling of the materials, dispensing with the need for a traditional membrane in guided bone regeneration. Evidence is supportive of improved angiogenesis at the recipient sites. One such product, (EthOss® Regeneration, Silesden, UK) has won numerous awards internationally as a commercial success. Bioglasses and polymers, which have been used as medical devices, are still in the experimental stage for dental application. Polycaprolactone-TCP, one of the products in this category is currently undergoing further randomized clinical trials as a 3D socket preservation filler. These aforementioned products may have vast potential for substituting human/animal-based bone grafts.

Keywords: bioglass; bone substitute; hydroxyapatite; polymers; synthetic.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Histologic sections of EthOss® grafted specimen. New bone (NB) 50.28% and residual EthOss® (EO) 12.27% (H&E stain; X200).
Figure 2
Figure 2
A clinical case showcases successful application of composite CS/β-TCP graft (EthOss®) to treat a periodontal defect.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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