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Review
. 2021 Oct 7;13(10):3519.
doi: 10.3390/nu13103519.

Metabolic Syndrome and Sarcopenia

Hiroki Nishikawa  1   2 , Akira Asai  1 , Shinya Fukunishi  1   2 , Shuhei Nishiguchi  3 , Kazuhide Higuchi  1
Affiliations
Review

Metabolic Syndrome and Sarcopenia

Hiroki Nishikawa et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Skeletal muscle is a major organ of insulin-induced glucose metabolism. In addition, loss of muscle mass is closely linked to insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (Met-S). Skeletal muscle loss and accumulation of intramuscular fat are associated with a variety of pathologies through a combination of factors, including oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, IR, and inactivity. Sarcopenia, defined by a loss of muscle mass and a decline in muscle quality and muscle function, is common in the elderly and is also often seen in patients with acute or chronic muscle-wasting diseases. The relationship between Met-S and sarcopenia has been attracting a great deal of attention these days. Persistent inflammation, fat deposition, and IR are thought to play a complex role in the association between Met-S and sarcopenia. Met-S and sarcopenia adversely affect QOL and contribute to increased frailty, weakness, dependence, and morbidity and mortality. Patients with Met-S and sarcopenia at the same time have a higher risk of several adverse health events than those with either Met-S or sarcopenia. Met-S can also be associated with sarcopenic obesity. In this review, the relationship between Met-S and sarcopenia will be outlined from the viewpoints of molecular mechanism and clinical impact.

Keywords: insulin resistance; mechanism; metabolic syndrome; outcome; sarcopenia; sarcopenic obesity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Correlation between metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia. NAFLD; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, IGF; insulin-like growth factor.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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