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. 2021 Sep 27;10(10):2030.
doi: 10.3390/plants10102030.

Effects of Dipsacus asperoides and Phlomis umbrosa Extracts in a Rat Model of Osteoarthritis

Jin Mi Chun  1 , A Yeong Lee  1 , Byeong Cheol Moon  1 , Goya Choi  1 , Joong-Sun Kim  1   2
Affiliations

Effects of Dipsacus asperoides and Phlomis umbrosa Extracts in a Rat Model of Osteoarthritis

Jin Mi Chun et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

The implementation of the Nagoya Protocol highlighted the importance of identifying alternative herbal products that are as effective as traditional medicine. Dipsacus asperoides and Phlomis umbrosa, two species used in the Korean medicine 'Sok-dan', are used for the treatment of bone- and arthritis-related diseases, and they are often mixed or misused. To identify herbal resources with similar efficacy, we compared the effects of D. asperoides extract (DAE) and P. umbrosa extract (PUE) on osteoarthritis (OA) in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA rat model. Weight-bearing distribution, serum cytokines, histopathological features, and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of knee joint tissues were examined in the OA rats treated with DAE and PUE (200 mg/kg) for 21 days. DAE and PUE restored weight-bearing distribution, inhibited the production of serum cytokines, and alleviated the histopathological features of the OA knee tissue. DAE or PUE treatment decreased OA-induced overexpression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 in the knee joint tissue. This study demonstrated the efficacy of both DAE and PUE in an MIA-induced OA model, providing a basis for the clinical use of these products in traditional Korean medicine.

Keywords: Dipsacus asperoides; Nagoya protocol; Phlomis umbrosa; monosodium iodoacetate; osteoarthritis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in relation to this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of Dipsacus asperoides extract (DAE) and Phlomis umbrosa extract (PUE) on body weight and serum aminotransferase levels in MIA-induced OA rats. (A) The body weight of rats was measured once per week for 3 weeks. (B) Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 7 per group). NC, untreated; MIA, only MIA-induced; MIA + DAE, MIA-induced and DAE-treated; MIA + PUE, MIA-induced and PUE-treated; MIA + IM, MIA-induced and Indomethacin (IM)-treated rats.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of DAE and PUE on hind paw weight-bearing distribution in MIA-induced OA rats. After the injection of MIA, weight-bearing distribution was measured using an incapacitance tester once per week for 21 days. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 7 per group). NC, untreated; MIA, only MIA-induced; MIA + DAE, MIA-induced and DAE-treated; MIA + PUE, MIA-induced and PUE-treated; MIA + IM, MIA-induced and IM-treated rats. ### p < 0.001 indicates statistically significant differences between the NC and MIA-induced control rats. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 indicate statistically significant differences between the MIA-control rats and the DAE-, PUE-, or IM-treated rats.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of DAE and PUE on the serum levels of cytokines in MIA-induced OA rats. Serum cytokines including (A) TNF-α and (B) IL-1β were quantified by ELISA. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n ≥ 3). NC, untreated; MIA, only MIA-induced; MIA + DAE, MIA-induced and DAE-treated; MIA + PUE, MIA-induced and PUE-treated; MIA + IM, MIA- induced and IM-treated rats. ### p < 0.001 indicates statistically significant differences between the NC and MIA-induced control rats. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001 indicate statistically significant differences between the MIA-induced control rats and the DAE-, PUE-, or IM-treated rats.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effects of DAE and PUE on histopathological features of knee joint tissue in MIA-induced OA rats. Representative photographs of knee joint sections stained with H&E and Safranin O (×100 magnification). NC, untreated; MIA, only MIA-induced; MIA + DAE, MIA-induced and DAE-treated; MIA + PUE, MIA-induced and PUE-treated; MIA + IM, MIA-induced and IM-treated rats.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effects of DAE and PUE on the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 in knee joint tissues of MIA-induced OA rats. Representative images of immunohistochemical staining of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13 expression in knee joint tissues. NC, untreated; MIA, only MIA-induced; MIA + DAE, MIA-induced and DAE-treated; MIA + PUE, MIA-induced and PUE-treated; MIA + IM, MIA-induced and IM-treated rats.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Experimental plant materials and protocol. (A) Representative photographs of dried roots of Dipsacus asperoides and Phlomis umbrosa used in this study. (B) The experimental protocol for inducing osteoarthritis (OA) and treatment with extracts. SD rats were divided randomly into five groups: NC, MIA, MIA + DAE, MIA + PUE, and MIA + IM (n = 7 per group). MIA, monosodium iodoacetate; DAE, Dipsacus asperoides extract; PUE, Phlomis umbrosa extract; IM, indomethacin.
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