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. 2021 Nov 30;19(4):653-668.
doi: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.4.653.

Improved Executive Functions and Reduced Craving in Youths with Methamphetamine Addiction: Evidence from Combined Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with Mindfulness Treatment

Jaber Alizadehgoradel  1 , Saeed Imani  2 , Vahid Nejati  3 , Marie-Anne Vanderhasselt  4   5 , Behnam Molaei  6 , Mohammad Ali Salehinejad  7   8 , Shirin Ahmadi  9 , Mina Taherifard  9
Affiliations

Improved Executive Functions and Reduced Craving in Youths with Methamphetamine Addiction: Evidence from Combined Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation with Mindfulness Treatment

Jaber Alizadehgoradel et al. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. .

Abstract

Objective: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and mindfulness practices have been proposed as a potential approach to improve executive functions (EFs) and reduce craving in persons with substance use disorders. Based on the neural mechanisms of action of each of these interventions, the combination of both non-pharmacological interventions might have additive effects. In the current study, the effects of tDCS combined with mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment (MBSAT) to improve EFs and reduce craving were investigated in early abstinent methamphetamine abuse.

Methods: Eighty (youths aged between 18 and 21) early-abstinent methamphetamine users were randomly assigned to the research groups (tDCS group [n = 20], mindfulness group [n = 20], combined mindfulness-tDCS group [n = 20], and sham group [n = 20]). Active tDCS (1.5 mA,20 min, 12 sessions) or sham tDCS was appliedover the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the MBSAT protocol was used over twelve 50-min sessions.

Results: Both in the post-test phase (immediately after the intervention) and follow-up phase (one month after the intervention), performance in most EFs tasks significantly improved in the combination group which received real tDCS ＋ MBSAT, as compared to baseline values and sham stimulation group. Similarly, a significant reduction in craving was observed after intervention inall treatment groups, but not the sham stimulation group. Interestingly, the increase in EFs and the reduction in craving post versus pre tDCS ＋ MBSAT intervention were correlated.

Conclusion: Findings from the current study provide initial support for the clinical effectiveness of combination tDCS ＋ MBSAT, possibly influencing cognitive/affective processes.

Keywords: Executive functions; Mindfulness; Substance-related disorders; Transcranial direct current stimulation; Youths.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of study inclusion. tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; MBSAT, mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Pictures of the executive function tasks: The 1-back (A), WCST (B), BART (C) and Go-No-Go (D). All computerized tasks were presented on a 15.6” screen in counterbalanced order. WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Task; BART, Balloon Analogue Risk Task.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Performance in the EF tasks (N-back, WCST, BART and Go/ No-GO) and craving before the intervention, after the intervention and 1-month following intervention in research groups (tDCS, MBSAT, PIN-CODES, and sham). tDCS: real tDCS group, sham: sham tDCS group. tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation; PIN-CODES, psychological interventions combined with direct electrical stimulation; MBSAT, mindfulness-based substance abuse treatment; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; BART, Balloon Analogue Risk Task; DDQ, Desires for Drug Questionnaire.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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