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. 2021 Jul 15;7(7):CD013656.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013656.pub2.

Minimally invasive treatments for lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a network meta-analysis

Juan Va Franco  1 , Jae Hung Jung  2   3 , Mari Imamura  4 , Michael Borofsky  5 , Muhammad Imran Omar  6   7 , Camila Micaela Escobar Liquitay  8 , Shamar Young  9 , Jafar Golzarian  9 , Areti Angeliki Veroniki  10 , Luis Garegnani  1 , Philipp Dahm  5   11
Affiliations

Minimally invasive treatments for lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a network meta-analysis

Juan Va Franco et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: A variety of minimally invasive treatments are available as an alternative to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) for management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, it is unclear which treatments provide better results.

Objectives: Our primary objective was to assess the comparative effectiveness of minimally invasive treatments for lower urinary tract symptoms in men with BPH through a network meta-analysis. Our secondary objective was to obtain an estimate of relative ranking of these minimally invasive treatments, according to their effects.

Search methods: We performed a comprehensive search of multiple databases (CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and LILACS), trials registries, other sources of grey literature, and conference proceedings, up to 24 February 2021. We had no restrictions on language of publication or publication status.

Selection criteria: We included parallel-group randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of the following minimally invasive treatments, compared to TURP or sham treatment, on men with moderate to severe LUTS due to BPH: convective radiofrequency water vapor therapy (CRFWVT); prostatic arterial embolization (PAE); prostatic urethral lift (PUL); temporary implantable nitinol device (TIND); and transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT).

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias. We performed statistical analyses using a random-effects model for pair-wise comparisons and a frequentist network meta-analysis for combined estimates. We interpreted them according to Cochrane methods. We planned subgroup analyses by age, prostate volume, and severity of baseline symptoms. We used risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to express dichotomous data and mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs to express continuous data. We used the GRADE approach to rate the certainty of evidence.

Main results: We included 27 trials involving 3017 men, mostly over age 50, with severe LUTS due to BPH. The overall certainty of evidence was low to very low due to concerns regarding bias, imprecision, inconsistency (heterogeneity), and incoherence. Based on the network meta-analysis, results for our main outcomes were as follows. Urologic symptoms (19 studies, 1847 participants): PUL and PAE may result in little to no difference in urologic symptoms scores (MD of International Prostate Symptoms Score [IPSS]) compared to TURP (3 to 12 months; MD range 0 to 35; higher scores indicate worse symptoms; PUL: 1.47, 95% CI -4.00 to 6.93; PAE: 1.55, 95% CI -1.23 to 4.33; low-certainty evidence). CRFWVT, TUMT, and TIND may result in worse urologic symptoms scores compared to TURP at short-term follow-up, but the CIs include little to no difference (CRFWVT: 3.6, 95% CI -4.25 to 11.46; TUMT: 3.98, 95% CI 0.85 to 7.10; TIND: 7.5, 95% CI -0.68 to 15.69; low-certainty evidence). Quality of life (QoL) (13 studies, 1459 participants): All interventions may result in little to no difference in the QoL scores, compared to TURP (3 to 12 months; MD of IPSS-QoL score; MD range 0 to 6; higher scores indicate worse symptoms; PUL: 0.06, 95% CI -1.17 to 1.30; PAE: 0.09, 95% CI -0.57 to 0.75; CRFWVT: 0.37, 95% CI -1.45 to 2.20; TUMT: 0.65, 95% CI -0.48 to 1.78; TIND: 0.87, 95% CI -1.04 to 2.79; low-certainty evidence). Major adverse events (15 studies, 1573 participants): TUMT probably results in a large reduction of major adverse events compared to TURP (RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.43; moderate-certainty evidence). PUL, CRFWVT, TIND and PAE may also result in a large reduction in major adverse events, but CIs include substantial benefits and harms at three months to 36 months; PUL: RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.04 to 2.22; CRFWVT: RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.01 to 18.62; TIND: RR 0.52, 95% CI 0.01 to 24.46; PAE: RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.68; low-certainty evidence). Retreatment (10 studies, 799 participants): We are uncertain about the effects of PAE and PUL on retreatment compared to TURP (12 to 60 months; PUL: RR 2.39, 95% CI 0.51 to 11.1; PAE: RR 4.39, 95% CI 1.25 to 15.44; very low-certainty evidence). TUMT may result in higher retreatment rates (RR 9.71, 95% CI 2.35 to 40.13; low-certainty evidence). Erectile function (six studies, 640 participants): We are very uncertain of the effects of minimally invasive treatments on erectile function (MD of International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF-5]; range 5 to 25; higher scores indicates better function; CRFWVT: 6.49, 95% CI -8.13 to 21.12; TIND: 5.19, 95% CI -9.36 to 19.74; PUL: 3.00, 95% CI -5.45 to 11.44; PAE: -0.03, 95% CI -6.38, 6.32; very low-certainty evidence). Ejaculatory dysfunction (eight studies, 461 participants): We are uncertain of the effects of PUL, PAE and TUMT on ejaculatory dysfunction compared to TURP (3 to 12 months; PUL: RR 0.05, 95 % CI 0.00 to 1.06; PAE: RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.92; TUMT: RR 0.34, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.68; low-certainty evidence). TURP is the reference treatment with the highest likelihood of being the most efficacious for urinary symptoms, QoL and retreatment, but the least favorable in terms of major adverse events, erectile function and ejaculatory function. Among minimally invasive procedures, PUL and PAE have the highest likelihood of being the most efficacious for urinary symptoms and QoL, TUMT for major adverse events, PUL for retreatment, CRFWVT and TIND for erectile function and PUL for ejaculatory function.

Authors' conclusions: Minimally invasive treatments may result in similar or worse effects concerning urinary symptoms and QoL compared to TURP at short-term follow-up. They may result in fewer major adverse events, especially in the case of PUL and PAE; resulting in better rankings for symptoms scores. PUL may result in fewer retreatments compared to other interventions, especially TUMT, which had the highest retreatment rates at long-term follow-up. We are very uncertain about the effects of these interventions on erectile function. There was limited long-term data, especially for CRFWVT and TIND. Future high-quality studies with more extended follow-up, comparing different, active treatment modalities, and adequately reporting critical outcomes relevant to patients, including those related to sexual function, could provide more information on the relative effectiveness of these interventions.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

JVAF: none known.

JHJ: none known.

MI: none known.

SY: Boston Scientific (speaker), Galvanize (consultant)

JG: none known.

MB: Boston Scientific (consultant for endourology and stone management), Auris Health (consultant for robotic surgery and endourology).

MIO: none known.

CMEL: none known.

AAV: none known.

LG: none known.

PD: none known.

Figures

1
1
PRISMA 2020 flow diagram
2
2
Urologic symptoms scores (IPSS). Top left: visual representation of the network. Bottom left: comparison‐adjusted funnel plot for the detection of publication bias. We found no important asymmetry in this plot; therefore publication bias is not strongly suspected.Top right panel: forest plot representing the estimates from the network meta‐analysis. Bottom right: The surface under the curve (SUCRA) of each of these plots defines the probability that a treatment out of n treatments in a network meta‐analysis is the best, the second, the third, and so on until the least effective treatment. CRFWVT: convective radiofrequency water vapor therapy; PAE: prostatic arterial embolization; PUL: prostatic urethral lift; TIND: temporary implantable nitinol device; TUMT: transurethral microwave thermotherapy; TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate.
3
3
Quality of life (IPSS‐QoL). Top left: visual representation of the network. Bottom left: comparison‐adjusted funnel plot for the detection of publication bias. We found no important asymmetry in this plot, therefore publication bias is not strongly suspected.Top right panel: forest plot representing the estimates from the network meta‐analysis. Bottom right: The surface under the curve (SUCRA) of each of these plots defines the probability that a treatment out of n treatments in a network meta‐analysis is the best, the second, the third, and so on until the least effective treatment. CRFWVT: convective radiofrequency water vapor therapy; PAE: prostatic arterial embolization; PUL: prostatic urethral lift; TIND: temporary implantable nitinol device; TUMT: transurethral microwave thermotherapy; TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate.
4
4
Major adverse events. Top left: visual representation of the network. Bottom left: comparison‐adjusted funnel plot for the detection of publication bias. We found no important asymmetry in this plot, therefore publication bias is not strongly suspected.Top right panel: forest plot representing the estimates from the network meta‐analysis, log scale. Bottom right: The surface under the curve (SUCRA) of each of these plots defines the probability that a treatment out of n treatments in a network meta‐analysis is the best, the second, the third, and so on until the least effective treatment. CRFWVT: convective radiofrequency water vapor therapy; PAE: prostatic arterial embolization; PUL: prostatic urethral lift; TIND: temporary implantable nitinol device; TUMT: transurethral microwave thermotherapy; TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate.
5
5
Retreatment. Top left: visual representation of the network. Bottom left: comparison‐adjusted funnel plot for the detection of publication bias. We found no important asymmetry in this plot, therefore publication bias is not strongly suspected. Top right panel: forest plot representing the estimates from the network meta‐analysis, log scale. Bottom right: The surface under the curve (SUCRA) of each of these plots defines the probability that a treatment out of n treatments in a network meta‐analysis is the best, the second, the third, and so on until the least effective treatment. PAE: prostatic arterial embolization; PUL: prostatic urethral lift; TUMT: transurethral microwave thermotherapy; TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate.
6
6
Erectile function (IIEF‐5). Top left: visual representation of the network.Top right panel: forest plot representing the estimates from the network meta‐analysis. Bottom: The surface under the curve (SUCRA) of each of these plots defines the probability that a treatment out of n treatments in a network meta‐analysis is the best, the second, the third, and so on until the least effective treatment. A funnel plot is not available (few trials). CRFWVT: convective radiofrequency water vapor therapy; PAE: prostatic arterial embolization; PUL: prostatic urethral lift; TIND: temporary implantable nitinol device; TUMT: transurethral microwave thermotherapy; TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate.
7
7
Erectile function (IIEF‐5). Top left: visual representation of the network.Top right panel: forest plot representing the estimates from the network meta‐analysis, log scale. Bottom: The surface under the curve (SUCRA) of each of these plots defines the probability that a treatment out of n treatments in a network meta‐analysis is the best, the second, the third, and so on until the least effective treatment. A funnel plot is not available (few trials). PAE: prostatic arterial embolization; PUL: prostatic urethral lift; TUMT: transurethral microwave thermotherapy; TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 1: Urologic symptom scores
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 2: Urologic symptoms score (long term)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 3: Quality of life
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 4: Quality of life (long term)
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 5: Major adverse events
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 6: Retreatment (short term)
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 7: Retreatment (long term)
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 8: Erectile function (short term)
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 9: Erectile function (long term)
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 10: Erectile function (short term)
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 11: Erectile function (long term)
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 12: Ejaculatory function
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 13: Ejaculatory function (short term)
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 14: Ejaculatory function (long term)
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 15: Minor adverse events
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 16: Acute urinary retention
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 17: Indwelling urinary catheter
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 18: Urologic symptom scores (subgroup: age)
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1: Minimally invasive treatment versus TURP, Outcome 19: Urologic symptom scores (subgroup: severity)
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 1: Urologic symptom scores
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 2: Quality of life
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 3: Major adverse events
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 4: Retreatment (short term)
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 5: Retreatment (long term)
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 6: Erectile function (IIEF‐5)
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 7: Erectile function (IIEF)
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 8: Ejaculatory function
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 9: Ejaculatory function
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 10: Minor adverse events
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 11: Acute urinary retention
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 12: Indwelling urinary catheter
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 13: Urologic symptom scores (subgroup: age)
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2: Miminally invasive treatment versus sham, Outcome 14: Quality of life (subgroup: age)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013656

References

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McVary 2016 {published data only}
    1. Albala DM, McVary K, Roehrborn C. Convective water vapor thermal therapy: 3-year durable outcomes of a randomized controlled study for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Canadian Urological Association Journal 2018;12(9):S197. [DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.5656] - DOI
    1. Albala DM, McVary KT, Roehrborn CG, Ulchaker JC. Transurethral convective radiofrequency water vapor thermal therapy for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia: two year outcomes of a randomized, controlled, and prospective crossover study. Canadian Urological Association Journal 2017;11(9):S326-7. [DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.4896] - DOI
    1. Gupta N, Köhler T, McVary K. Convective radiofrequency water vapor energy ablation (Rezūm®) effectively treats lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement regardless of obesity while preserving erectile and ejaculatory function. Journal of Urology 2017;197(4):e609.
    1. Gupta N, Köhler T, McVary K. Convective radiofrequency water vapor energy ablation effectively treats lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement regardless of obesity while preserving erectile and ejaculatory function: results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. European Urology 2017;16(3 (Supplement)):e521-2. [DOI: 10.1016/S1569-9056(17)30366-4] - DOI
    1. Gupta N, Köhler TS, McVary KT. Convective water vapor energy ablation effectively treats lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement while preserving erectile and ejaculatory function: results of a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2017;14(2):e33.
Nawrocki 1997 {published data only}
    1. Nawrocki JD, Bell TJ, Lawrence WT, Ward JP. A randomized controlled trial of transurethral microwave thermotherapy. British Journal of Urology 1997;79:389-93. - PubMed
Norby 2002 {published data only}
    1. Norby B, Nielsen HV, Frimodt-Moller PC. Transurethral interstitial laser coagulation of the prostate and transurethral microwave thermotherapy vs transurethral resection or incision of the prostate: results of a randomized, controlled study in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU International 2002;90:853-62. - PubMed
Pisco 2020 {published data only}
    1. NCT02074644. Clinical trial of prostatic arterial embolization versus a sham procedure to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02074644 (accessed 13 March 2020).
    1. Pisco JM, Bilhim T, Costa NV, Torres D, Pisco J, Pinheiro LC, et al. Randomised clinical trial of prostatic artery embolisation versus a sham procedure for benign prostatic hyperplasia. European Urology 2020;77(3):354-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.11.010] - DOI - PubMed
Radwan 2020 {published data only}
    1. Radwan A, Farouk A, Higazy A, Samir YR, Tawfeek AM, Gamal MA. Prostatic artery embolization versus transurethral resection of the prostate in management of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate International 2020 April 23 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prnil.2020.04.001] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Roehrborn 1998 {published data only}
    1. Roehrborn CG, Preminger G, Newhall P, Denstedt J, Razvi H, Chin LJ, et al. Microwave thermotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia with the Dornier Urowave: results of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, sham-controlled trial. Urology 1998;51:19-28. - PubMed
    1. Trachtenberg J, Roehborn CG. Updated results of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter sham-controlled trial of microwave thermotherapy with the Dornier Urowave in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. World Journal of Urology 1998;16:102-8. - PubMed
Roehrborn 2013 {published data only}
    1. Barkin J. Prospective, randomized, controlled study of five-year results on prostatic urethral lift (PUL). Canadian Urological Association Journal 2017;11(9):S326. [DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.4896] - DOI
    1. McVary KT, Gange SN, Shore ND, Bolton DM, Cowan BE, Brown BT, et al. Treatment of LUTS secondary to BPH while preserving sexual function: randomized controlled study of prostatic urethral lift. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2014;11(1):279-87. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12333] - DOI - PubMed
    1. NCT01294150. The safety and effectiveness of UroLift: LIFT Pivotal Study (LIFT). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01294150 (first received 11 February 2011).
    1. Rane A, McNicholas T, Woo H, Roehrborn C. 4 year results of the randomized, controlled, blinded, multi-center study for the prostatic urethral lift: the L.I.F.T. study. Journal of Endourology 2017;30(Suppl 2):A105-6.
    1. Rashid P, Chin P, Bolton D, Roehrborn C, McVary K. Prospective, randomised study of prostatic urethral lift: five year results. BJU International 2017;119(Suppl 2):45. [DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12333] - DOI
Venn 1995 {published data only}
    1. Venn SN, Montgomery BS, Sheppard SA, Hughes SW, Beard RC, Bultitiude MI, et al. Microwave hyperthermia in benign prostatic hypertrophy: a controlled clinical trial. British Journal of Urology 1995;76:73-6. - PubMed
Wagrell 2002 {published data only}
    1. Mattiasson A, Wagrell L, Schelin S, Nordling J, Richthoff J, Magnusson B, et al. Five-year follow-up of feedback microwave thermotherapy versus TURP for clinical BPH: a prospective randomized multicenter study. Urology 2007;69:91-7. - PubMed
    1. Wagrell L, Schelin S, Nordling J, Richthoff J, Magnusson B, Schain M, et al. Three-year follow-up of feedback microwave thermotherapy versus TURP for clinical BPH: a prospective randomized multicenter study. Urology 2004;64:698-702. - PubMed
    1. Wagrell L, Schelin S, Nordling J, Richthoff J, Mangnusson B, Schain M, et al. Feedback microwave thermotherapy versus TURP for clinical BPH − a randomized controlled multicenter study. Urology 2002;60:292-9. - PubMed
Zhu 2018 {published data only}
    1. Zhu C, Lin W, Huang Z, CAI J. Prostate artery embolization and transurethral resection of prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Chinese Journal of Interventional Imaging and Therapy 2018;15(3):134-8. [DOI: 10.13929/j.1672-8475.201711043] - DOI

References to studies excluded from this review

Albala 2000 {published data only}
    1. Albala DM, Turk TM, Fulmer BR, Koleski F, Andriole G, Davis BE, et al. Periurethral transurethral microwave thermotherapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: an interim 1-year safety and efficacy analysis using the thermatrx TMx-2000. Techniques in Urology 2000;6(4):288-93. - PubMed
Arai 2000 {published data only}
    1. Arai Y, Aoki Y, Okubo K, Maeda H, Terada N, Matsuta Y, et al. Impact of interventional therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia on quality of life and sexual function: A prospective study. Journal of Urology 2000;164(4):1206-11. - PubMed
Bagla 2017 {published data only}
    1. Bagla S, Smirniotopoulos J, Orlando J, Piechowiak R. Cost analysis of prostate artery embolization (PAE) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 2017;40(11):1694-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-017-1700-7] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bagla S, Vadlamudi V, Orlando J, Smirniotopoulos J. Cost analysis of prostate artery embolization (PAE) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2016;27(3):S56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2015.12.154] - DOI - PubMed
Bilhim 2015 {published data only}
    1. Bilhim T, Bagla S, Sapoval M, Carnevale FC, Salem R, Golzarian J. Prostatic arterial embolization versus transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Radiology 2015;276(1):310-1. - PubMed
Brown 2018 {published data only}
    1. Brown AD, Stella SF, Simons ME. Minimally invasive treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia: economic evaluation from a standardized hospital case costing system. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 2018 Nov 30 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1007/s00270-018-2132-8] - DOI - PubMed
D'Ancona 1997 {published data only}
    1. D'Ancona FC, Francisca EA, Debruyne FM, De la Rosette JJ. High-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Journal of Endourology 1997;11(4):285-9. - PubMed
Dahlstrand 2003 {published data only}
    1. Dahlstrand C. High-energy microwave therapy with benign prostatic hyperplasia. A good and safe therapeutic choice--for both the patient and the health care. Läkartidningen 2003;100(35):2678-83. - PubMed
Djavan 1999 {published data only}
    1. Djavan B, Seitz C, Roehrborn CG, Remzi M, Fakhari M, Waldert M, et al. Targeted transurethral microwave thermotherapy versus alpha-blockade in benign prostatic hyperplasia: outcomes at 18 months. Urology 2001;57(1):66-70. - PubMed
    1. Djavan B, Shariat S, Fakhari M, Ghawidel K, Seitz C, Partin AW, et al. Neoadjuvant and adjuvant alpha-blockade improves early results of high-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy for lower urinary tract symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized, prospective clinical trial. Urology 1999;53(2):251-9. - PubMed
Gratzke 2018 {published data only}
    1. Gratzke C, Barkin J, Roehrborn C. Predictors of response to the prostatic urethral lift ( (PUL) treatment. European Urology Supplements 2018;17(2):e1041. [DOI: 10.1016/S1569-9056(18)31556-2] - DOI
Hahn 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hahn RG, Farahmand BY, Hallin A, Hannar N, Persson P-G. Incidence of acute myocardial infarction and cause-specific mortality after transurethral treatments of prostatic hypertrophy. Urology 2000;55(2):236-40. - PubMed
Hansen 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hansen BJ, Mortensen S, Mensink HJ, Flyger H, Riehmann M, Hendolin N, et al. Comparison of the Danish Prostatic Symptom Score with the international Prostatic Symptom Score, the Madsen-Iversen and Boyarsky symptom indexes. British Journal of Urology 1998;81(1):36-41. - PubMed
ISRCTN23921450 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN23921450. A randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of transurethral resection (TURP), laser vaporisation (LVAP), transurethral needle ablation (TUNA) and microwave thermoablation (MTA) of the prostate. www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN23921450 (first received 25 April 2003).
Kobelt 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kobelt G, Spangberg A, Mattiasson A. The cost of feedback microwave thermotherapy compared with transurethral resection of the prostate for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia. BJU International 2004;93(4):543-8. - PubMed
Lim 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kim CS, Song HY, Jeong IG, Yeo HJ, Kim EY, Park JH, et al. Temporary placement of covered retrievable expandable nitinol stents with barbs in high-risk surgical patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: work in progress. Journal of Vascular Interventional Radiology 2011;22(10):1420-6. - PubMed
Mulvin 1994 {published data only}
    1. Mulvin D, Creagh T, Kelly D, Smith J, Quinlan D, Fitzpatrick J. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy versus transurethral catheter therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. European Urology 1994;26(1):6-9. - PubMed
NCT01835860 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01835860. Prostatic artery embolization for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01835860 (accessed 15 March 2020).
Norby 2002b {published data only}
    1. Nørby B, Nielsen HV, Frimodt-Møller PC. Cost-effectiveness of new treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of a randomized trial comparing the short-term cost-effectiveness of transurethral interstitial laser coagulation of the prostate, transurethral microwave thermotherapy and standard transurethral resection or incision of the prostate. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 2002;36(4):286-95. - PubMed
Nørby 2004 {published data only}
    1. Nørby B. Minimally invasive treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Ugeskrift for laeger 2004;166(8):688-90. - PubMed
Ohigashi 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ohigashi T, Nakamura K, Nakashima J, Baba S, Murai M. Long-term results of three different minimally invasive therapies for lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: Comparison at a single institute. International Journal of Urology 2007;14(4):326-30. - PubMed
Pereira 2018 {published data only}
    1. NCT03043222. Innovative minimally invasive options in treatment of urinary problems related to prostate enlargement (BPH) in men. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03043222 (accessed 6 November 2018).
    1. Pereira K, Ford-Glanton S, Johar R, Xu P, Pham K, Gadani S, et al. Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) and prostatic urethral lift (PUL) procedures for symptomatic benign prostatic enlargement (BPH): a retrospective, single-center comparison of outcomes. Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2018;29(4 Suppl 1):S6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.01.010] - DOI
Porpiglia 2015 {published data only}
    1. Fiori C, Amparore D, Checcucci E, Ottaviano G, De Cillis S, Di Stasio A, et al. Medi-Tate temporary implantable nitinol device (TIND) in the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction: two tears of follow-up results. Journal of Urology 2016;195(4, S):E459.
    1. Porpiglia F, Fiori C, Bertolo R, Garrou D, Cattaneo G, Amparore D. Temporary implantable nitinol device (TIND): A novel, minimally invasive treatment for relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) related to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): Feasibility, safety and functional results at 1 year of follow-up. BJU International 2015;116(2):278-87. - PubMed
Porpiglia 2019 {published data only}
    1. Porpiglia F, Fiori C, Amparore D, Kadner G, Manit A, Valerio M, et al. Second-generation of temporary implantable nitinol device for the relief of lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia: results of a prospective, multicentre study at 1 year of follow-up. BJU International 2019;123(6):1061-9. - PubMed
    1. Porpiglia F, Fiori C, Amparore D, Volpi G, Kadner G, Manit A, et al. MP01-05: The results of one-arm multicenter prospective study on an innovative minimally invasive surgical technique for LUTS management. The Journal of Urology 2019;201:e2.
Qiu 2017 {published data only}
    1. Qiu ZL, Zhang CC, Wang XS, Cheng K, Liang X, Wang DW, et al. Clinical evaluation of embolization of the superior vesical prostatic artery for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a single-center retrospective study. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne 2017;12(4):409-16. [DOI: 10.5114/wiitm.2017.72324] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Russo 2015 {published data only}
    1. Russo GI, Kurbatov D, Sansalone S, Lepetukhin A, Dubsky S, Sitkin I, et al. Prostatic arterial embolization vs open prostatectomy: a 1-year matched-pair analysis of functional outcomes and morbidities. Urology 2015;86(2):343-8. - PubMed
    1. Russo GI, Kurbatov D, Sansalone S, Lepetukhin A, Dubsky S, Sitkin I, et al. Prostatic arterial embolization vs open prostatectomy: a matched-pair analysis of functional outcomes and morbidities after 1 year of follow-up. European Urology Supplement 2015;14(2):e570. - PubMed
Schelin 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schelin S, Geertsen U, Walter S, Spångberg A, Duelund-Jacobsen J, Krøyer K, et al. Feedback microwave thermotherapy versus TURP/prostate enucleation surgery in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and persistent urinary retention: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Urology 2006;68(4):795-9. - PubMed
Servadio 1987 {published data only}
    1. Servadio C, Leib Z, Lev A. Diseases of prostate treated by local microwave hyperthermia. Urology 1987;30(2):97-9. - PubMed
Shore 2010 {published data only}
    1. Shore ND, Sethi PS. A controlled, randomized, head-to-head comparison of the Prolieve Thermodilation System versus the Targis System for benign prostatic hyperplasia: safety, procedural tolerability, and clinical results. Journal of Endourology 2010;24(9):2469-75. - PubMed
Tan 2005 {published data only}
    1. Tan AH, Nott L, Hardie WR, Chin JL, Denstedt JD, Razvi H. Long-term results of microwave thermotherapy for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Journal of Endourology 2005;19(10):1191-5. - PubMed
Trock 2004 {published data only}
    1. Trock BJ, Brotzman M, Utz WJ, Ugarte RR, Kaplan SA, Larson TR, et al. Long-term pooled analysis of multicenter studies of cooled thermotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia: results at three months through four years. Urology 2004;63(4):716-21. - PubMed
Vesely 2006 {published data only}
    1. Vesely S, Knutson T, Damber J-E, Dicuio M, Dahlstrand C. TURP and low-energy TUMT treatment in men with LUTS suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction selected by means of pressure-flow studies: 8-Year follow-up. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2006;25(7):770-5. - PubMed
Waldén 1998 {published data only}
    1. Waldén M, Acosta S, Carlsson P, Pettersson S, Dahlstrand C. A cost-effectiveness analysis of transurethral resection of the prostate and transurethral microwave thermotherapy for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: two-year follow-up. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 1998;32(3):204-10. - PubMed
Woo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Woo H. Convective radiofrequency water vapor thermal therapy. In: International Journal of Urology. Vol. 25. 2018:139.
Yachia 1996 {published data only}
    1. Yachia D, Aridogan A. Comparison between first-generation (fixed-caliber) and second-generation (self-expanding, large caliber) temporary prostatic stents. Urol Int 1996;57(3):165-9. - PubMed
Zerbib 1992 {published data only}
    1. Zerbib M, Steg A, Conquy S, Martinache PR, Flam TA, Debre B. Localized hyperthermia versus the sham procedure in obstructive benign hyperplasia of the prostate: a prospective randomized study. Journal of Urology 1992;147(4):1048-52. - PubMed
Zerbib 1994 {published data only}
    1. Zerbib M, Steg A, Conquy S, Debre B. Hyperthermia: a randomized prospective study applying hyperthermia or a sham procedure in obstructive benign hyperplasia of the prostate. Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 1994;386:439-48. - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12617001235392 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12617001235392. Prostate artery embolization for patients with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostate hyperplasia. Available from anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=373427 (first posted 24 August 2017).
NCT02006303 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02006303. Prostatic artery embolization versus 532 nm Green Light PVP for catheterized patients. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02006303 (first posted 10 December 2013).
NCT02566551 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT02566551. Prospective controlled randomized study of PAE vs TURP for BPH treatment. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02566551 (first posted 2 October 2015).
NCT04178811 {published data only}
    1. NCT04178811. Comparison between HoLEP and PUL in management of BPH. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04178811 (first received 26 November 2019). [NCT04178811]
NCT04236687 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT04236687. Prostate artery embolization compared to holmium laser enucleation of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04236687 (first posted 22 January 2020).
NCT04338776 {published data only}
    1. NCT04338776. Comparing UroLift Experience Against Rezūm (CLEAR). Available from clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04338776 (first received 8 April 2020). [NCT04338776]

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References to other published versions of this review

Franco 2020
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