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. 2021 Oct 26;21(1):550.
doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01912-6.

Inequality in dental care expenditure in Iranian households: analysis of income quintiles and educational levels

Elahe Najafi  1 , Mostafa Amini-Rarani  2 , Maryam Moeeni  3
Affiliations

Inequality in dental care expenditure in Iranian households: analysis of income quintiles and educational levels

Elahe Najafi et al. BMC Oral Health. .

Abstract

Background: Oral health is a major public health issue which affects the human life. Access to dental care is one of the important factors in maintaining oral health. This study was aimed to investigate inequality in dental care expenditure in Iranian households.

Methods: The present study is a secondary analysis of a national cross-sectional survey. The data collected from the Households Income and Expenditure Survey in 2016 and 2017. The final sample consisted of 54,354 households living in rural and urban regions of all the provinces. Inequalities in household's dental care expenditure per capita in respect to income quintiles and educational level were measured based on the Gini coefficient and concentration index.

Results: The results showed that about 8% of households had paid for dental care during the month before sampling. The Gini coefficient value was estimated to be 0.97 and 0.96 for dental care expenditure per capita respectively in absolute and relative measure. It indicated a significant inequality in the dental expenditure among the sample households. The values of concentration index were positive and significant for all dental care subcategories in respect to the provincial and national income quintiles as well as the educational level of the head of the household.

Conclusions: Income and educational inequality in the both absolute and relative dental services expenditure of the Iranian households were in favor of higher income groups as well as higher educational level of household heads. Income inequality was higher in total dental care expenditure per capita and all its subcategories than the educational inequalities of dental expenditure. In order to reduce these inequalities, the policymakers need to pay special attention to low-income households, particularly those with low-educated heads.

Keywords: Concentration index; Dental care; Gini coefficient; Health care inequalities; Health expenditure.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Gini coefficient of dental care expenditure
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Concentration curve of dental care expenditure (based on income quintiles)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Concentration curve of dental care expenditure (based on education quintiles)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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