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. 2021 Sep:2:723855.
doi: 10.3389/fcdhc.2021.723855. Epub 2021 Sep 6.

Female Sex and Obesity Are Risk Factors for Inadequate Calcium Intake in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

Roman Rahmani  1 , Elizabeth Stevens  1 , Noya Rackovsky  1 , Kimberly O O'Brien  2 , George J Schwartz  1 , David R Weber  1
Affiliations

Female Sex and Obesity Are Risk Factors for Inadequate Calcium Intake in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

Roman Rahmani et al. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc. 2021 Sep.

Abstract

People with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at increased risk of developing low bone mineral density and fractures. Optimization of calcium intake is a key component of pediatric bone health care. Despite the known risk factors for impaired bone health in T1D and the known benefits of calcium on bone accrual, there are limited data describing calcium intake in youth with T1D. In this cross-sectional study, calcium intake was assessed in 238 youth with T1D. One third of study participants were found to have inadequate calcium intake. Female sex, especially during adolescence, and obesity were identified as specific risk factors for inadequate calcium intake. Given the known adverse effects of T1D on bone health, efforts to promote calcium intake in youth with T1D should be considered.

Keywords: bone health; calcium; fracture; obesity; type 1 diabetes.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Group differences in the percentage of youth with type 1 diabetes meeting the recommended dietary allowance for calcium assessed by food frequency questionnaire. Inadequate calcium intake was more prevelant in females versus males, and in obese versus non-obese participants. RDA, recommended dietary allowance * represents statistical significance, p < 0.05, by chi-square test.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of calcium intake assessed by food frequency over age in males (closed circles) and females (open circles). Fitted line illustrates the significant sex by age interaction whereby calcium intake increases with age in males and decreases with age in females (p for interaction =0.002, from simple linear regression analyis with calcium intake as dependent variable). Filled circles represent predicted calcium intake (with 95% confidence intervals) for earch year of age.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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