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1 Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158 USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
1 Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158 USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA.
In this issue of Genes & Development, Amândio and colleagues (pp. 1490-1509) dissect the function of a cluster of several CTCF binding sites in the HoxD cluster by iterative deletions in mice. They found additive functions for some, and intriguingly found that some sites function as insulators, while others function as anchors for enhancer-promoter interactions. These functions vary depending on developmental context. The work provides new insights into the roles played by CTCF in regulating developmental patterns and 3D chromatin organization.
Keywords:
3D chromatin; CRISPR–Cas9; Hox genes; enhancer selection; limb development.
Amândio AR, Beccari L, Lopez-Delisle L, Mascrez B, Zakany J, Gitto S, Duboule D. 2021. sequential in cis mutagenesis in vivo reveals various functions for CTCF sites at the mouse HoxD cluster. Genes Dev (this issue). 10.1101/gad.348934.121
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Anania C, Acemel RD, Jedamzick J, Bolondi A, Cova G, Brieske N, Kühn R, Wittler L, Real FM, Lupiáñez DG. 2021. In vivo dissection of a clustered CTCF domain boundary reveals developmental principles of regulatory insulation. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.04.14.439779
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Gentile C, Kmita M. 2018. The remote transcriptional control of Hox genes. In J Dev Biol 62: 685–692. 10.1387/ijdb.180198mk
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Kmita M, Duboule D. 2003. Organizing axes in time and space: 25 years of colinear tinkering. Science 301: 331–333. 10.1126/science.1085753
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Merkenschlager M, Nora EP. 2016. CTCF and cohesin in genome folding and transcriptional gene regulation. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 17: 17–43. 10.1146/annurev-genom-083115-022339
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