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. 2021 Jul 30;34(6):748-752.
doi: 10.1080/08998280.2021.1951096. eCollection 2021.

Medical views on the death by crucifixion of Jesus Christ

Gary Habermas  1 , Jonathan Kopel  2 , Benjamin C F Shaw  1
Affiliations

Medical views on the death by crucifixion of Jesus Christ

Gary Habermas et al. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). .

Abstract

The death of Jesus Christ remains a pivotal moment in world history and a symbol of love, mercy, and courage across the globe. Yet for centuries, the manner of Jesus' death has remained a subject of controversy in academic and medical circles. Forensic pathologists and clinicians have argued for several hypotheses concerning Jesus' death, including pulmonary embolism, cardiac rupture, suspension trauma, asphyxiation, fatal stab wound, and shock. This article surveys a broad range of medical and other specialist views regarding Jesus' experience on the cross, concluding that asphyxiation or asphyxiation-dominant theories have emerged as the consensus position regarding the cause of Jesus' death. Two features of this article are significant. First, it provides a rich resource of different medical opinions regarding the effects of Jesus' crucifixion. Second, and more importantly, the survey results show that, perhaps less similar to crucifixion in general, there is a growing consensus regarding Jesus' cause of death by medical professionals. A table maps these results, summarizing for those in the medical field as well as historians and theologians what medical professionals consider to be the cause of Jesus' death.

Keywords: Ancient world; Jesus Christ; asphyxiation; crucifixion.

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