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. 2021 Oct;6(10):e006351.
doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006351.

Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for eight countries

Adeyemi Okunogbe  1 , Rachel Nugent  2 , Garrison Spencer  2 , Johanna Ralston  3 , John Wilding  3
Affiliations

Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for eight countries

Adeyemi Okunogbe et al. BMJ Glob Health. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

Background: Obesity is a growing public health challenge worldwide with significant health and economic impacts. However, much of what is known about the economic impacts of obesity comes from high-income countries and studies are not readily comparable due to methodological differences. Our objective is to demonstrate a method for estimating current and future national economic impacts of obesity and apply it across a sample of heterogeneous contexts globally.

Methods: We estimated economic impacts of overweight and obesity for eight countries using a cost-of-illness approach. Direct and indirect costs of obesity from 2019 to 2060 were estimated from a societal perspective as well as the effect of two hypothetical scenarios of obesity prevalence projections. Country-specific data were sourced from published studies and global databases.

Results: In per capita terms, costs of obesity in 2019 ranged from US$17 in India to US$940 in Australia. These economic costs are comparable to 1.8% of gross domestic product (GDP) on average across the eight countries, ranging from 0.8% of GDP in India to 2.4% in Saudi Arabia. By 2060, with no significant changes to the status quo, the economic impacts from obesity are projected to grow to 3.6% of GDP on average ranging from 2.4% of GDP in Spain to 4.9% of GDP in Thailand. Reducing obesity prevalence by 5% from projected levels or keeping it at 2019 levels will translate into an average annual reduction of 5.2% and 13.2% in economic costs, respectively, between 2020 and 2060 across the eight countries.

Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that the economic impacts of obesity are substantial across countries, irrespective of economic or geographical context and will increase over time if current trends continue. These findings strongly point to the need for advocacy to increase awareness of the societal impacts of obesity, and for policy actions to address the systemic roots of obesity.

Keywords: health economics; health policy; public health.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: AO, RN and GS report the research was supported by a grant from the World Obesity Federation which received an unrestricted grant from Novo Nordisk; JR reports grants from Novo Nordisk, during the conduct of the study; JW reports grants, personal fees and consultancy fees to his institution from AstraZeneca and Novo Nordisk, personal fees and consultancy fees paid to institution from Boehringer Ingelheim, Napp, consultancy fees paid to institution from Astellas, Janssen, Mundipharma, Lilly, Sanofi, Saniona, Rhythm Pharmaceuticals and Wilmington Healthcare, outside the submitted work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Cost components framework.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Total cost of obesity in 2019 in per capita terms (in 2019 US$).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Total cost of obesity in 2019 as a percentage of GDP. GDP, gross domestic product.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Current costs of obesity in 2019 (in billions of 2019 US$).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Total cost of obesity by sex (billions of 2019 constant US$ and as percentage of GDP). GDP, gross domestic product.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Total costs of obesity per capita (in 2019 US$), 2019–2060.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Total costs of obesity as a per cent of GDP, 2019–2060. GDP, gross domestic product.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Total costs of obesity (in 2019 constant US$ and as a per cent of GDP) and obesity prevalence, 2019–2060. GDP, gross domestic product.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Hypothetical scenario of 5% reduction in obesity prevalence, total costs (in billions of 2019 constant US$), total costs as a per cent of GDP, and obesity prevalence, 2019–2060. GDP, gross domestic product.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Hypothetical scenario of constant* obesity prevalence, total costs (in billions of 2019 constant US$), total costs as a per cent of GDP and obesity prevalence, 2019–2060. GDP, gross domestic product.
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