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. 2021 Oct 25;6(43):28699-28709.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03363. eCollection 2021 Nov 2.

Development and Characterization of Natural Product Derived Macromolecules Based Interpenetrating Polymer Network for Therapeutic Drug Targeting

Avirup Biswas  1 , Sancharee Mondal  2 , Sanjoy Kumar Das  3 , Anindya Bose  4 , Sabu Thomas  5 , Kajal Ghosal  6 , Sudeep Roy  7 , Ivo Provaznik  7   8
Affiliations

Development and Characterization of Natural Product Derived Macromolecules Based Interpenetrating Polymer Network for Therapeutic Drug Targeting

Avirup Biswas et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN)-based bead formulations were exploited by cross-linking different hydrophilic polymers in different combinations and at different ratios. Polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum, guar gum, gellan gum, and sodium alginate (Na-alginate) were used in this work as hydrophilic polymers to enhance the solubility of diclofenac sodium and also to target the delivery at preferred locations. IPN beads based on polysaccharides were prepared by the ionic gelation method. Differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data showed that the IPN microbeads solubilized and encapsulated the drug within the network. We found over 83% encapsulation efficiency of the drug delivery system for the drug, and this efficiency increased with the concentration of the polymer. Ex vivo experiments using the goat intestine revealed that the IPN microbeads were able to adhere to the intestinal epithelium, a mucoadhesive behavior that could be beneficial to the drug pharmacokinetics, while in vitro experiments in phosphate buffer showed that the IPN enabled significant drug release. We believe that these IPN microbeads are an excellent drug delivery system to solubilize drug molecules and ensure adhesion to the intestinal wall, thereby localizing the drug release to enhance bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
External surface morphology of F-1, F-2, F-3, F-4, and F-5 formulations captured by the trinocular microscope.
Figure 2
Figure 2
FTIR spectra of drug; F-3; F-6; F-9.
Figure 3
Figure 3
XRD spectra of the drug; F-3; F-6; F-9.
Figure 4
Figure 4
DSC spectra of the drug; F-3; F-6; F-9.
Figure 5
Figure 5
SEM images of IPN beads without the drug; F-1, F-2; F-5; and F-8.
Figure 6
Figure 6
In vitro drug release from IPN beads (n = 3).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Mucoadhesion study of formulation F-8.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Prepared microspheres; (a) preparation of microspheres with only sodium alginate and PVA; (b) preparation of microspheres with sodium alginate, PVA, and xanthan gum; (c) preparation of microspheres with sodium alginate, PVA, and gellan gum; (d) preparation of microspheres with sodium alginate, PVA, and guar gum.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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