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. 2022 Mar;93(2):540-555.
doi: 10.1111/cdev.13703. Epub 2021 Nov 10.

Adolescents' sleep and adjustment: Reciprocal effects

Ryan J Kelly  1 , Megan M Zeringue  2 , Mona El-Sheikh  2
Affiliations

Adolescents' sleep and adjustment: Reciprocal effects

Ryan J Kelly et al. Child Dev. 2022 Mar.

Abstract

Reciprocal relations between sleep and adjustment were investigated. Participants included 246 adolescents (M = 15.80 years; 67.5% White, 32.5% Black/African American; 53% female, 47% male) at Time 1 (data collected 2012-2013), 227 at Time 2 (M = 16.78 years) and 215 at Time 3 (M = 17.70 years). Sleep-wake variables were measured with self-reports (sleepiness) and actigraphy (average sleep minutes and efficiency, variability in sleep minutes and efficiency). Adolescents reported on depression and anxiety symptoms, and parents reported on externalizing problems. Greater variability in sleep duration and efficiency as well as sleepiness predicted adjustment problems (range of R2 : 36%-60%). Reciprocal relations were supported mostly for sleepiness (range of R2 : 16%-32%). Results help understand bidirectional relations between sleep and adjustment.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Reciprocal relations between adolescents’ intraindividual variability in sleep minutes and their adjustment. Unstandardized and standardized coefficients (in parentheses) are provided. Adolescents’ gender, race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status at age 16 and mean sleep minutes at each wave are controlled in analyses. Residual valances among endogenous variables within each wave were allowed to correlate. Model fit: χ2(73) = 201.99, p < .001; χ2/df = 2.77; CFI = .92; RMSEA = .08, p < .001, 95% CI [.07 to .10] Statistically significant lines are solid, whereas nonsignificant lines are dotted. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Reciprocal relations between adolescents’ intraindividual variability in sleep efficiency and their adjustment. Unstandardized and standardized coefficients (in parentheses) are provided. Adolescents’ gender race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status at age 16 and mean sleep efficiency at each wave are controlled in analyses. Residual variances among endogenous variables within each wave were allowed to correlate. Model fit: χ2(73) = 166.92, p < .001; χ2/df = 2.29; CFI = .94; RMSEA = .07, p = .008, 95% CI [.06 to .09]. Statistically significant lines are solid, whereas nonsignificant lines are dotted. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Reciprocal relations between adolescents’ sleepiness and their adjustment. Unstandardized and standardized coefficients (in parentheses) are provided. Adolescents’ gender race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status at age 16 are controlled in analyses. Residual variances among endogenous variables within each wave were allowed to correlate. Model fit: χ2(53) = 127.64. p< .001; χ2/df = 2.66; CFI = .95; RMSEA = .07, p = .008, 95% CI [.06 to .09], Statistically significant lines are solid, whereas nonsignificant lines are dotted. *p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.
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