Pesticide exposure of workers in apple growing in France

Abstract

Objective: Although apple trees are heavily sprayed, few studies have assessed the pesticide exposure of operators and workers in apple orchards. However, these data are crucial for assessing the health impact of such exposures. The aim of this study was to measure pesticide exposure in apple growing according to tasks and body parts.

Methods: A non-controlled field study was conducted in apple orchards in 4 regions of France during the 2016 and 2017 treatment seasons. Workers' external contamination and their determinants were assessed over 156 working days corresponding to 30 treatment days, 68 re-entry days and 58 harvesting days. We measured pesticide dermal contamination during each task and made detailed observations of work characteristics throughout the day. Captan and dithianon were used as markers of exposure.

Results: The median dermal contamination per day was 5.50 mg of captan and 3.33 mg of dithianon for operators, 24.39 mg of captan and 1.84 mg of dithianon for re-entry workers, and 5.82 mg of captan and 0.74 mg of dithianon for harvesters. Thus, workers performing re-entry tasks, especially thinning and anti-hail net opening, presented higher contamination, either equal to or higher than in operators. For these last ones, mixing/loading and equipment cleaning were the most contaminating tasks. Most of the contamination was observed on workers' hands in all tasks, except for net-opening in which their heads accounted for the most daily contamination.

Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of taking indirect exposures into account during re-entry work in apple growing.

Keywords: Apple growing; Captan; Dermal contamination; Dithianon; Occupational exposure; Pesticides.

Fig. 1

Location of patches and surface of the sampled body part

Fig. 2

Pictures of the different types of sprayers observed in apple orchards: (a) Rear-mounted sprayer. (b) Trailed sprayer. (c) Self-propelled sprayer

Fig. 3

a Distribution of the dermal contamination of workers during treatment (N = 17 [captan]; N = 13 [dithianon]), re-entry (N = 68 [captan]; N = 67 [dithianon]) and harvest (N = 54 [captan]; N = 54 [dithianon]) (minimum, 25e percentile, median, 75e percentile, maximum). b Distribution of the dermal contamination of operators during mixing/loading (N = 28 [captan]; N = 18 [dithianon]), spraying (N = 29 [captan]; N = 18 [dithianon]) and cleaning (N = 6 [captan]; N = 6 [dithianon]) (minimum, 25e percentile, median, 75e percentile, maximum)