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Review
. 2021 Nov 5:14:3475-3491.
doi: 10.2147/JPR.S332423. eCollection 2021.

Nurses' Perceived Barriers to and Facilitators of Pain Assessment and Management in Critical Care Patients: A Systematic Review

Mohammad Rababa  1 , Shatha Al-Sabbah  1 , Audai A Hayajneh  1
Affiliations
Review

Nurses' Perceived Barriers to and Facilitators of Pain Assessment and Management in Critical Care Patients: A Systematic Review

Mohammad Rababa et al. J Pain Res. .

Abstract

Aim: This review aims to examine nurses' perceived barriers to and facilitators of pain assessment and management in adult critical care patients.

Background: Pain is one of the worst memories among critically ill patients. However, pain among those patients is still undertreated due to several barriers that impede effective management. Therefore, addressing the perceived barriers and facilitators to pain assessment management among critical care nurses is crucial.

Methods: A systematic search of pain assessment and management in critical care patient-relevant literature from four databases was done, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Results: The barriers and facilitators were categorized into four groups: nurse-related, patient-related, physician-related, and system-related. The most frequently reported barriers in this study included nurses' lack of knowledge regarding the use of pain assessment tools, patients' inability to communicate, physicians' prescription of analgesics being independent of pain scores evaluation, and absence of standardized guidelines and protocols for pain evaluation and control. For the facilitators, the most reported ones include ongoing education and professional training related to pain assessment and management, patients' ability to self-report pain, effective collaboration between physicians and nurses, and productive discussion of patients' pain scores during nurse-to-nurse handovers.

Conclusion: Various barriers and facilitators to pain assessment and management were identified and examined in this review. However, future research is still needed to further investigate these barriers and facilitators and examine any other potential associated factors among critical care nurses.

Relevance to clinical practice: The findings of our study could help hospital managers in developing continuous education and staff development training programs on assessing and managing pain for critical care patients. Also, our findings could be used to develop an evidence-based standard pain management protocol tailored to effectively assess and promptly treat pain in critical care patients.

Keywords: barriers; challenges; critical care nurses; enablers; facilitators; pain assessment; pain management.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest for this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow chart.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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