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Review
. 2020 Jun;1(2):e16.
doi: 10.1002/viw2.16. Epub 2020 May 24.

Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection

Qianyu Lin  1 , Jason Y C Lim  2 , Kun Xue  2 , Pek Yin Michelle Yew  2 , Cally Owh  2 , Pei Lin Chee  2 , Xian Jun Loh  2
Affiliations
Review

Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection

Qianyu Lin et al. View (Beijing). 2020 Jun.

Abstract

Viral epidemics develop from the emergence of new variants of infectious viruses. The lack of effective antiviral treatments for the new viral infections coupled with rapid community spread of the infection often result in major human and financial loss. Viral transmissions can occur via close human-to-human contact or via contacting a contaminated surface. Thus, careful disinfection or sanitization is essential to curtail viral spread. A myriad of disinfectants/sanitizing agents/biocidal agents are available that can inactivate viruses, but their effectiveness is dependent upon many factors such as concentration of agent, reaction time, temperature, and organic load. In this work, we review common commercially available disinfectants agents available on the market and evaluate their effectiveness under various application conditions. In addition, this work also seeks to debunk common myths about viral inactivation and highlight new exciting advances in the development of potential sanitizing agents.

Keywords: disinfectant; sanitizer; surface; virucidal; virus.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Chemical structures of (A) benzalkonium chloride, (B) didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride, (C) alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium saccharinate, and (D) cetyl pyridinium chloride
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Chemical structures of (A) sodium laureth sulfate, (B) N‐lauroylsarcosine and (C) sodium linear alkylbenzene sulfonate
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Chemical structures of non‐ionic surfactants. (A) Nonoxynol‐9, (B) Triton X‐100, (C) Brij‐97 contain ether linkages. (D) Onyxol 345 contains amide linkage. (E) Span‐20 and (F) Span‐80 contain ester linkages. (G) Tween‐20 and (H) Tween‐80 contain ether‐ester linkages
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Chemical structures of (A) Sodium hypochlorite (B) Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (C) Hydrogen peroxide (D) Peracetic acid
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Chemical structures of (A) povidone‐iodine; (B) chlorhexidine digluconate and (C) chloroxylenol
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Chemical structures of (A) formaldehyde (B) glutaraldehyde and (C) ortho‐phthalaldehyde
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Structures of novel virucidal molecules: (A) β‐cyclodextrin alkyl sulfonates and (B) 1,3‐bis(bithiazolyl)‐tetra‐para‐sulfonato‐calix[4]arene.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Illustration of virus disinfection using the self‐disinfecting surface powered by visible light. Figure reproduced from ref. with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Inactivation of enveloped viruses by (A) hydrophobic charged PEI derivatives; and (B) pyridinium‐type polymers. Figure adapted from ref. . Counterions on the charged polymers are not shown
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
Inactivation of non‐enveloped adenoviruses using quarternary phosphonium polymers. Figure adapted from Ref. with permission from The Royal Society of Chemistry
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
Cationic substituted chitosan polymers capable of inactivating human coronaviruses.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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