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Review
. 2021 Oct 21;10(21):4842.
doi: 10.3390/jcm10214842.

Long-Term Outcomes of Endoscopic Gallbladder Drainage for Cholecystitis in Poor Surgical Candidates: An Updated Comprehensive Review

Tadahisa Inoue  1 , Michihiro Yoshida  2 , Yuta Suzuki  3 , Rena Kitano  1 , Fumihiro Okumura  3 , Itaru Naitoh  2
Affiliations
Review

Long-Term Outcomes of Endoscopic Gallbladder Drainage for Cholecystitis in Poor Surgical Candidates: An Updated Comprehensive Review

Tadahisa Inoue et al. J Clin Med. .

Abstract

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standard and fundamental treatment of choice for acute cholecystitis; however, there are cases in which patients may be poor surgical candidates due to advanced age, comorbidities, and/or general condition. The rate of recurrent cholecystitis is high in patients who are not surgically treated; therefore, the prevention of recurrence in this patient population is an important subject of investigation in the management of cholecystitis. Although it has recently been reported that long-term stent placement by endoscopic gallbladder stenting or endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage may reduce the recurrence rate, its efficacy and safety remain controversial. Additionally, details surrounding the long-term stent management of these treatment methods should be further investigated. In this review, we summarize the updated evidence regarding the usefulness of long-term stent placement with endoscopic gallbladder stenting or endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage as a preventive measure for recurrence of cholecystitis and discuss issues that should be addressed in future studies.

Keywords: acute cholecystitis; endoscopic gallbladder stenting; endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage; recurrent cholecystitis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Endoscopic gallbladder stenting. The cystic duct is sought with a guidewire after biliary cannulation and the guidewire is inserted and placed in the gallbladder (A). A 7 Fr pigtail plastic stent is placed from the gallbladder to the duodenum (B). The stent remains in place 2 years after the procedure with no recurrent cholecystitis (C).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage. After the gallbladder is punctured transduodenally (A), a guidewire is placed in the gallbladder. A 7 Fr double-pigtail plastic stent is placed after dilation of the fistula (B). The stent remains in place after the procedure without any stent exchange and removal.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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