Transfer Learning for Alzheimer's Disease through Neuroimaging Biomarkers: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a remarkable challenge for healthcare in the 21st century. Since 2017, deep learning models with transfer learning approaches have been gaining recognition in AD detection, and progression prediction by using neuroimaging biomarkers. This paper presents a systematic review of the current state of early AD detection by using deep learning models with transfer learning and neuroimaging biomarkers. Five databases were used and the results before screening report 215 studies published between 2010 and 2020. After screening, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. We noted that the maximum accuracy achieved to date for AD classification is 98.20% by using the combination of 3D convolutional networks and local transfer learning, and that for the prognostic prediction of AD is 87.78% by using pre-trained 3D convolutional network-based architectures. The results show that transfer learning helps researchers in developing a more accurate system for the early diagnosis of AD. However, there is a need to consider some points in future research, such as improving the accuracy of the prognostic prediction of AD, exploring additional biomarkers such as tau-PET and amyloid-PET to understand highly discriminative feature representation to separate similar brain patterns, managing the size of the datasets due to the limited availability.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease; magnetic resonance imaging; neuroimaging biomarkers; positron emission tomography; transfer learning.

Figure 1

Relevance of important terms identified by Syserv [22].

Figure 2

PRISMA diagram of the proposed systematic review.

Figure 3

Dissemination of DL architectures in the included studies.

Figure 4

Distribution of TL methods in the included studies.

Figure 5

MRI and PET using different radiotracers. Reprinted with permission from ref [91] Copyright 2021 Elsevier.