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Review
. 2021 Nov 4;14(21):6657.
doi: 10.3390/ma14216657.

Solid Propellant Formulations: A Review of Recent Progress and Utilized Components

Kinga Lysien  1 , Agnieszka Stolarczyk  2 , Tomasz Jarosz  2
Affiliations
Review

Solid Propellant Formulations: A Review of Recent Progress and Utilized Components

Kinga Lysien et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

The latest developments in solid propellants and their components are summarized. Particular attention is given to emerging energetic binders and novel, 'green' oxidizing agents and their use in propellant formulations. A brief overview of the latest reports on fuel additives is included. Finally, a summary of the state of the art and challenges in its development are speculated on.

Keywords: GAP; binder; energetic material; green; propellant; solid propellant.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structure of hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Manufacturing process of HTPB propellant. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [17]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Synthesis of the hydroxyl terminated block copolymer (HTBCP).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Synthesis of poly(3-mesyloxymethyl-3-methyl oxetane) (PAMMO). Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [38]. Copyright 2021, John Wiley and Sons.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Synthesis of azidated hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB): (a) two-step method; (b) one-step method.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Synthesis of the polynitro compounds.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Synthesis of 2,2,2-trinitroethylcarbamate carbonyl azide.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Synthesis of BTNEOx.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Novel bis-heterocyclic compounds.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Synthesis of bis(3-nitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)methanone. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [57]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Combustion flame overview propellants with different mass fraction of HIC at pressures 1, 4, and 7 MPa. Top is sample BHF-1, second and third lines are samples BHF-2 and BHF-3, bottom is BHF-4. Reprinted with permission of Elsevier from [82].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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