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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2022 Jun;76(6):811-818.
doi: 10.1038/s41430-021-01042-w. Epub 2021 Nov 12.

Impact of high energy oral nutritional supplements consumed in the late afternoon on appetite, energy intake and cardio-metabolic risk factors in females with lower BMI

Sadia Fatima  1   2 , Konstantinos Gerasimidis  1 , Charlotte Wright  1 , Dalia Malkova  3
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Impact of high energy oral nutritional supplements consumed in the late afternoon on appetite, energy intake and cardio-metabolic risk factors in females with lower BMI

Sadia Fatima et al. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022 Jun.

Abstract

Background/objective: Morning consumption of a single dose of high-energy oral nutritional supplement (ONS) in females with a lower BMI displaces some of the food eaten at breakfast but increases overall daily energy intake. This study investigated the effectiveness of ONS intake in the late afternoon and for longer duration.

Subjects/methods: Twenty-one healthy females (mean ± SD, age 25 ± 5 years; BMI 18.7 ± 1.2 kg/m2) participated in a randomised, crossover study with two experimental trials. In the afternoon of days 1-5, participants consumed either ONS (2.510 MJ) or low-energy PLACEBO drink (0.377 MJ) and recorded food eaten at home. On day six, energy intake was measured during buffet meals, and energy expenditure, appetite measurements and blood samples were collected throughout the day.

Result: Over the 5-day period, in the ONS trial energy intake from evening meals was lower (ONS, 2.7 ± 0.25 MJ; Placebo, 3.6 ± 0.25 MJ, P = 0.01) but averaged total daily energy intake was higher (ONS, 9.2 ± 0.3 MJ; PLACEBO, 8.2 ± 0.4 MJ, P = 0.03). On day six, energy intake, appetite scores, plasma GLP-1 and PYY, and energy expenditure were not significantly different between the two trials but fasting insulin concentration and HOMAIR, were higher (P < 0.05) and insulin sensitivity score based on fasting insulin and TAG lower (P < 0.05) in ONS trial.

Conclusion: Late afternoon consumption of ONS for five consecutive days by females with a lower BMI has only a partial and short-lived energy intake suppression and thus increases daily energy intake but reduces insulin sensitivity.

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Conflict of interest statement

Outside the submitted work, KG has received research grants, expenses for conference attendance, consultancy and speaker fees paid by Nestle, Nutricia, and Dr Falk. None of the other authors has any relevant personal or financial conflict of interest to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A schematic presentation of the study design during supplementation with ONS or PLACEBO on Day 1 - Day 5 and during Day 6 conducted under laboratory conditions.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flow chart of participant screening and recruitment.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Fasting (0 min) and postprandial (0–270 min) responses of hunger, satiety, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption measured on the day following 5 days of supplementation with ONS and PLACEBO. Ad libitum breakfast and ad libitum lunch were provided after fasting measurements and 120 min after that, respectively. Values are presented as Means ± SE (n = 21). Responses were analysed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Fasting (0 min) and postprandial (0–270 min) plasma concentrations of peptide YY (PYY) and activated GLP-1 measured on the day following 5 days of supplementation with ONS and PLACEBO. Ad libitum breakfast and ad libitum lunch were provided after fasting measurements and at 120 min after that, respectively. Values are presented as Means ± SE (n = 12). Responses were analysed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA.
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