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. 2021 Oct 29:9:559751.
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.559751. eCollection 2021.

Global, Regional, and National Death, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs) for Cardiovascular Disease in 2017 and Trends and Risk Analysis From 1990 to 2017 Using the Global Burden of Disease Study and Implications for Prevention

Zhiyong Li  1 , Longfei Lin  1 , Hongwei Wu  1 , Lei Yan  2 , Huanhuan Wang  1 , Hongjun Yang  1 , Hui Li  1
Affiliations

Global, Regional, and National Death, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs) for Cardiovascular Disease in 2017 and Trends and Risk Analysis From 1990 to 2017 Using the Global Burden of Disease Study and Implications for Prevention

Zhiyong Li et al. Front Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and a major barrier to sustainable human development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the global, sex, age, region, and country-related cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden, as well as the trends, risk factors, and implications for the prevention of CVD. Methods: Detailed information from 1990 to 2017, including global, regional, and national rates of CVD, and 11 categories of mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The time-dependent change in the trends of CVD burdens was evaluated by annual percentage change. Results: More than 17 million people died from CVD in 2017, which was approximately two times as many as cancer, and increased nearly 50% compared with 1990. Ischemic heart disease and stroke accounted for 85% of the total age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of CVD. The ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASYR) of CVD were 1.5 times greater in men compared with women. People over the age of 50 were especially at risk for developing CVD, with the number of cases and deaths in this age group accounting for more than 90% of all age groups. CVD mortality was related to regional economic development and the social demographic index. In regions with a high economic income or socio-demographic index, there was a greater decline in the ASDR of CVD. The ASDR of CVD in high SDI regions decreased more than 50% from 1990 to 2017. Tobacco use, diets low in whole grains, diets high in sodium, and high systolic blood pressure were the important risk factors related to CVD mortality. Conclusions: CVD remains a major cause of death and chronic disability in all regions of the world. Ischemic heart disease and stroke account for the majority of deaths related to CVD. Although the mortality rate for CVD has declined in recent years from a global perspective, the results of CVD data in 2017 suggest that the mortality and DALYs of CVD varied in different ages, sexes, and countries/regions around the world. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the specific characteristics of global CVD burden and establish more effective and targeted prevention strategies.

Keywords: cardiovascular disease; global burden of disease; ischemic heart disease; risk; stroke.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The global age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and death number of 18 types of diseases in 2017.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The age standardized of global death (A) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (B) of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its 12 categories in 2017 by gender.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Percentage of global death (A) and DALYs (B) for CVD and its 11 categories in 2017. The left vertical axis means the percentage of global death and DALYs, and the right vertical axis shows different age groups, the lateral axis represents the different cardiovascular diseases.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The age-standardized death rate (ASDR) (A) and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASRY) (B) of CVD and its 11 categories for 21 regions, human development index (HDI), and sociodemographic index (SDI) regions compared with the global in 2017.
Figure 5
Figure 5
The global disease burden of cardiovascular disease in 195 countries and territories. (A) The ASDR of cardiovascular disease in 2017; (B) the ASYR of cardiovascular disease in 2017.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The relative change in ASDR (A) and ASYR (B) of cardiovascular disease between 1990 and 2017.
Figure 7
Figure 7
The relative changed (%) in ASDR of cardiovascular disease and its 11 categories for top 50 countries and territories, between 1990 and 2017.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Cardiovascular disease trends in global, HDI, and SDI regions ASDR from 1990 to 2017. Global (A); high HDI (B); upper middle HDI (C); lower middle HDI (D); low HDI (E); high SDI (F); high-middle SDI (G); middle SDI (H); low-middle SDI (I); low SDI (J).
Figure 9
Figure 9
The ASDRs of CVD induced by different risk factors.
Figure 10
Figure 10
The ASDRs of CVD induced by different risk factors in different regions.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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