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Review
. 2021 Sep 20;7(5):648-656.
eCollection 2021 Oct 26.

An emphasis of T-cell subsets as regulators of periodontal health and disease

Saranya Balaji  1 , Priyanka K Cholan  1 , Dhayanand John Victor  1
Affiliations
Review

An emphasis of T-cell subsets as regulators of periodontal health and disease

Saranya Balaji et al. J Clin Transl Res. .

Abstract

Background: The pathogenesis of complex diseases like periodontitis is moderated by the balance in immune inflammatory responses. T-lymphocytes are immune cells that descend from the bone marrow. Furthermore, they develop in the thymus playing an indispensable role in adaptive immune responses. The periodontal microenvironment allows differentiation of various groups of T-lymphocytes such as CD4+ (Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg/Tfh/Th9/T22), CD8+ cells, gamma-delta (γd) T cells, or memory cells based on the current regional cytokine milieu to secrete distinct cytokines and other molecules required for resolution of inflammation or result in progression of the disease based on interactions among various cells.

Aim: The dynamism of T-lymphocytes in the immunopathogenesis of periodontal diseases resulting in tissue destruction is established but the mechanisms of immunoregulation that underpins periodontal disease progression are cumbersome. This review aims to understand the distinct types of T cells and their effector functions with their portrayal in periodontal disease.

Relevance for patients: This review gives valuable insights on the possibility of predicting periodontal disease progression, on the management and its prognosis by evaluating specific cytokines of destructive T-cell phenotype, and on the future perspectives of therapeutic modalities including ways of modulating host immune and inflammatory responses to establish periodontal homeostasis and areas of research.

Keywords: T-cell subsets; T-cells; adaptive immunity; periodontal disease.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Signaling pathways in T-lymphocyte activation. LAT, linker of activated T cells; DAG, diacylglycerol; IP3, inositol triphosphate; PLC-γ, phosphoinositide phospholipase C; SLP-76, lymphocyte cytosolic protein; PKCθ, protein kinase C; RAS, family of GTP-binding proteins; LCK, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase; FYN, member of Src tyrosine kinase; ZAP-70, ζ chain-associated protein kinase of 70 kDa.
Figure 2
Figure 2. T cells in periodontal health and disease
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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