External validation of a shortened screening tool using individual participant data meta-analysis: A case study of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Dep-4

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

DEPRESsion Screening Data DEPRESSD PHQ Collaboration:
Chen He³, Yin Wu³, Ankur Krishnan³, Parash Mani Bhandari³, Dipika Neupane³, Zelalem Negeri³, Mahrukh Imran³, Danielle B Rice³, Kira E Riehm³, Marleine Azar³, Alexander W Levis³, Jill Boruff¹², Simon Gilbody¹³, Lorie A Kloda¹⁴, Dagmar Amtmann¹⁵, Liat Ayalon¹⁶, Hamid R Baradaran¹⁷, Anna Beraldi¹⁸, Charles N Bernstein¹⁹, Arvin Bhana²⁰, Ryna Imma Buji²¹, Marcos H Chagas²², Juliana C N Chan²³, Lai Fong Chan²⁴, Dixon Chibanda²⁵, Aaron Conway²⁶, Federico M Daray²⁷, Janneke M de Man-van Ginkel²⁸, Crisanto Diez-Quevedo²⁹, Sally Field³⁰, Jane R W Fisher³¹, Daniel Fung³², Emily C Garman³³, Alan J Flisher³³, Bizu Gelaye³⁴, Leila Gholizadeh³⁵, Lorna J Gibson³⁶, Eric P Green³⁷, Brian J Hall³⁸, Liisa Hantsoo³⁹, Emily E Haroz⁴⁰, Martin Härter⁴¹, Ulrich Hegerl⁴², Leanne Hides⁴³, Stevan E Hobfoll⁴⁴, Simone Honikman³⁰, Marie Hudson³, Thomas Hyphantis⁴⁵, Masatoshi Inagaki⁴⁶, Hong Jin Jeon⁴⁷, Nathalie Jetté⁴⁸, Mohammad E Khamseh¹⁷, Sebastian Köhler⁴⁹, Brandon A Kohrt⁵⁰, Yunxin Kwan⁵¹, Femke Lamers⁵², Maria Asunción Lara⁵³, Holly F Levin-Aspenson⁵⁴, Shen-Ing Liu⁵⁵, Manote Lotrakul⁵⁶, Sonia R Loureiro²², Bernd Löwe⁵⁷, Nagendra P Luitel⁵⁸, Crick Lund³³, Alan J Flisher³³, Ruth Ann Marrie⁵⁹, Brian P Marx⁶⁰, Sherina Mohd Sidik⁶¹, Tiago N Munhoz⁶², Kumiko Muramatsu⁶³, Juliet E M Nakku⁶⁴, Laura Navarrete⁶⁵, Flávia L Osório²², Philippe Persoons⁶⁶, Angelo Picardi⁶⁷, Stephanie L Pugh⁶⁸, Terence J Quinn⁶⁹, Elmars Rancans⁷⁰, Sujit D Rathod⁷¹, Katrin Reuter⁷², Heather J Rowe⁷³, Iná S Santos⁶², Miranda T Schram⁷⁴, Juwita Shaaban⁷⁵, Eileen H Shinn⁷⁶, Lena Spangenberg⁷⁷, Lesley Stafford⁷⁸, Sharon C Sung⁵⁵, Keiko Suzuki⁷⁹, Pei Lin Lynnette Tan⁵¹, Martin Taylor-Rowan⁸⁰, Thach D Tran³¹, Christina M van der Feltz-Cornelis⁸¹, Thandi van Heyningen⁸², Henk C van Weert⁸³, Lynne I Wagner⁸⁴, Jian Li Wang⁸⁵, David Watson⁸⁶, Karen Wynter⁸⁷, Mitsuhiko Yamada⁸⁸, Qing Zhi Zeng⁸⁹, Yuying Zhang⁹⁰

Affiliations

¹ Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, United States; Center for the Promotion of Research at the Intersection of Information, Society, and Methodology, New York University, United States. Electronic address: daphna.harel@nyu.edu.
² Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
³ Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
⁴ Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
⁵ Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶ Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁷ Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁸ Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁹ Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK.
¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
¹¹ Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
¹² Schulich Library of Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, and Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
¹³ Hull York Medical School and the Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
¹⁴ Library, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
¹⁵ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁶ Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
¹⁷ Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁸ Kbo-Lech-Mangfall-Klinik Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie & Psychosomatik, Lehrkrankenhaus der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
¹⁹ University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
²⁰ Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
²¹ Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Mesra Bukit Padang, Sabah, Malaysia.
²² Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
²³ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
²⁴ Department of Psychiatry, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
²⁵ Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
²⁶ Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
²⁷ Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁸ Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Nursing Science, University Medical Center Utrecht - University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
²⁹ Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
³⁰ Perinatal Mental Health Project, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
³¹ Global and Women's Health, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia.
³² Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
³³ Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
³⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁵ Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
³⁶ International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
³⁷ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
³⁸ New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
³⁹ Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴⁰ Center For American Indian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁴² Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany.
⁴³ School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
⁴⁴ STAR-Stress, Anxiety and Resilience Consultants, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
⁵¹ Department of Psychological Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
⁵² Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁵³ Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, México D. F., Mexico.
⁵⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
⁵⁵ Programme in Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁵⁸ Research Department, TPO Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
⁵⁹ Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
⁶⁰ National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁶² Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
⁶³ Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Niigata Seiryo University, Niigata, Japan.
⁶⁴ Butabika National Referral Teaching Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
⁶⁵ Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
⁶⁶ Department of Psycho-Pedagogic Psychiatry, Healthcare Group Sint-Kamillus, Broeders van Liefde, Bierbeek, Belgium.
⁶⁷ Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
⁶⁸ NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁶⁹ Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Latvia.
⁷¹ Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
⁷² Group Practice for Psychotherapy and Psycho-oncology, Freiburg, Germany.
⁷³ School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
⁷⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁷⁵ Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁷⁶ Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
⁷⁷ Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
⁷⁸ Centre for Women's Mental Health, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
⁷⁹ Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa University Hospital, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
⁸⁰ Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
⁸¹ Department of Health Sciences, HYMS, University of York, York, UK.
⁸² Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁸³ Department of General Practice, Institute Public Health, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁸⁴ Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
⁸⁵ University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Canada.
⁸⁶ Dept. of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, USA.
⁸⁷ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸⁸ Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
⁸⁹ Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
⁹⁰ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.

PMID: 34780986
PMCID: PMC11719774
DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.11.005

Meta-Analysis

External validation of a shortened screening tool using individual participant data meta-analysis: A case study of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Dep-4

Daphna Harel et al. Methods. 2022 Aug.

. 2022 Aug:204:300-311.

doi: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.11.005. Epub 2021 Nov 12.

Collaborators

DEPRESsion Screening Data DEPRESSD PHQ Collaboration:
Chen He³, Yin Wu³, Ankur Krishnan³, Parash Mani Bhandari³, Dipika Neupane³, Zelalem Negeri³, Mahrukh Imran³, Danielle B Rice³, Kira E Riehm³, Marleine Azar³, Alexander W Levis³, Jill Boruff¹², Simon Gilbody¹³, Lorie A Kloda¹⁴, Dagmar Amtmann¹⁵, Liat Ayalon¹⁶, Hamid R Baradaran¹⁷, Anna Beraldi¹⁸, Charles N Bernstein¹⁹, Arvin Bhana²⁰, Ryna Imma Buji²¹, Marcos H Chagas²², Juliana C N Chan²³, Lai Fong Chan²⁴, Dixon Chibanda²⁵, Aaron Conway²⁶, Federico M Daray²⁷, Janneke M de Man-van Ginkel²⁸, Crisanto Diez-Quevedo²⁹, Sally Field³⁰, Jane R W Fisher³¹, Daniel Fung³², Emily C Garman³³, Alan J Flisher³³, Bizu Gelaye³⁴, Leila Gholizadeh³⁵, Lorna J Gibson³⁶, Eric P Green³⁷, Brian J Hall³⁸, Liisa Hantsoo³⁹, Emily E Haroz⁴⁰, Martin Härter⁴¹, Ulrich Hegerl⁴², Leanne Hides⁴³, Stevan E Hobfoll⁴⁴, Simone Honikman³⁰, Marie Hudson³, Thomas Hyphantis⁴⁵, Masatoshi Inagaki⁴⁶, Hong Jin Jeon⁴⁷, Nathalie Jetté⁴⁸, Mohammad E Khamseh¹⁷, Sebastian Köhler⁴⁹, Brandon A Kohrt⁵⁰, Yunxin Kwan⁵¹, Femke Lamers⁵², Maria Asunción Lara⁵³, Holly F Levin-Aspenson⁵⁴, Shen-Ing Liu⁵⁵, Manote Lotrakul⁵⁶, Sonia R Loureiro²², Bernd Löwe⁵⁷, Nagendra P Luitel⁵⁸, Crick Lund³³, Alan J Flisher³³, Ruth Ann Marrie⁵⁹, Brian P Marx⁶⁰, Sherina Mohd Sidik⁶¹, Tiago N Munhoz⁶², Kumiko Muramatsu⁶³, Juliet E M Nakku⁶⁴, Laura Navarrete⁶⁵, Flávia L Osório²², Philippe Persoons⁶⁶, Angelo Picardi⁶⁷, Stephanie L Pugh⁶⁸, Terence J Quinn⁶⁹, Elmars Rancans⁷⁰, Sujit D Rathod⁷¹, Katrin Reuter⁷², Heather J Rowe⁷³, Iná S Santos⁶², Miranda T Schram⁷⁴, Juwita Shaaban⁷⁵, Eileen H Shinn⁷⁶, Lena Spangenberg⁷⁷, Lesley Stafford⁷⁸, Sharon C Sung⁵⁵, Keiko Suzuki⁷⁹, Pei Lin Lynnette Tan⁵¹, Martin Taylor-Rowan⁸⁰, Thach D Tran³¹, Christina M van der Feltz-Cornelis⁸¹, Thandi van Heyningen⁸², Henk C van Weert⁸³, Lynne I Wagner⁸⁴, Jian Li Wang⁸⁵, David Watson⁸⁶, Karen Wynter⁸⁷, Mitsuhiko Yamada⁸⁸, Qing Zhi Zeng⁸⁹, Yuying Zhang⁹⁰

Affiliations

¹ Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University, United States; Center for the Promotion of Research at the Intersection of Information, Society, and Methodology, New York University, United States. Electronic address: daphna.harel@nyu.edu.
² Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
³ Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
⁴ Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
⁵ Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁶ Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁷ Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
⁸ Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁹ Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, King's College London, London, UK.
¹⁰ Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Respiratory Epidemiology and Clinical Research Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
¹¹ Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
¹² Schulich Library of Physical Sciences, Life Sciences, and Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
¹³ Hull York Medical School and the Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
¹⁴ Library, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
¹⁵ Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
¹⁶ Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
¹⁷ Endocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
¹⁸ Kbo-Lech-Mangfall-Klinik Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie & Psychosomatik, Lehrkrankenhaus der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany.
¹⁹ University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
²⁰ Centre for Rural Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
²¹ Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Mesra Bukit Padang, Sabah, Malaysia.
²² Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
²³ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.
²⁴ Department of Psychiatry, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
²⁵ Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe.
²⁶ Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
²⁷ Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina.
²⁸ Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Department of Nursing Science, University Medical Center Utrecht - University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
²⁹ Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.
³⁰ Perinatal Mental Health Project, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
³¹ Global and Women's Health, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Australia.
³² Department of Developmental Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore.
³³ Centre for Public Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
³⁴ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
³⁵ Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
³⁶ International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
³⁷ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
³⁸ New York University Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
³⁹ Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴⁰ Center For American Indian Health, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA.
⁴¹ Department of Medical Psychology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁴² Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany.
⁴³ School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
⁴⁴ STAR-Stress, Anxiety and Resilience Consultants, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychiatry, Depression Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine.
⁴⁸ Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
⁵⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
⁵¹ Department of Psychological Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
⁵² Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁵³ Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz. San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, México D. F., Mexico.
⁵⁴ Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
⁵⁵ Programme in Health Services & Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
⁵⁸ Research Department, TPO Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal.
⁵⁹ Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
⁶⁰ National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶¹ Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
⁶² Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
⁶³ Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Niigata Seiryo University, Niigata, Japan.
⁶⁴ Butabika National Referral Teaching Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.
⁶⁵ Department of Epidemiology and Psychosocial Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
⁶⁶ Department of Psycho-Pedagogic Psychiatry, Healthcare Group Sint-Kamillus, Broeders van Liefde, Bierbeek, Belgium.
⁶⁷ Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy.
⁶⁸ NRG Oncology Statistics and Data Management Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
⁶⁹ Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
⁷⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Narcology, Riga Stradins University, Latvia.
⁷¹ Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
⁷² Group Practice for Psychotherapy and Psycho-oncology, Freiburg, Germany.
⁷³ School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
⁷⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁷⁵ Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
⁷⁶ Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
⁷⁷ Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University of Leipzig, Germany.
⁷⁸ Centre for Women's Mental Health, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
⁷⁹ Department of General Medicine, Asahikawa University Hospital, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
⁸⁰ Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
⁸¹ Department of Health Sciences, HYMS, University of York, York, UK.
⁸² Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁸³ Department of General Practice, Institute Public Health, Amsterdam Universities Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
⁸⁴ Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
⁸⁵ University of Ottawa, Institute of Mental Health Research, Canada.
⁸⁶ Dept. of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, USA.
⁸⁷ School of Nursing and Midwifery, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸⁸ Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan.
⁸⁹ Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
⁹⁰ Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.

PMID: 34780986
PMCID: PMC11719774
DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.11.005

Abstract

Shortened versions of self-reported questionnaires may be used to reduce respondent burden. When shortened screening tools are used, it is desirable to maintain equivalent diagnostic accuracy to full-length forms. This manuscript presents a case study that illustrates how external data and individual participant data meta-analysis can be used to assess the equivalence in diagnostic accuracy between a shortened and full-length form. This case study compares the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and a 4-item shortened version (PHQ-Dep-4) that was previously developed using optimal test assembly methods. Using a large database of 75 primary studies (34,698 participants, 3,392 major depression cases), we evaluated whether the PHQ-Dep-4 cutoff of ≥ 4 maintained equivalent diagnostic accuracy to a PHQ-9 cutoff of ≥ 10. Using this external validation dataset, a PHQ-Dep-4 cutoff of ≥ 4 maximized the sum of sensitivity and specificity, with a sensitivity of 0.88 (95% CI 0.81, 0.93), 0.68 (95% CI 0.56, 0.78), and 0.80 (95% CI 0.73, 0.85) for the semi-structured, fully structured, and MINI reference standard categories, respectively, and a specificity of 0.79 (95% CI 0.74, 0.83), 0.85 (95% CI 0.78, 0.90), and 0.83 (95% CI 0.80, 0.86) for the semi-structured, fully structured, and MINI reference standard categories, respectively. While equivalence with a PHQ-9 cutoff of ≥ 10 was not established, we found the sensitivity of the PHQ-Dep-4 to be non-inferior to that of the PHQ-9, and the specificity of the PHQ-Dep-4 to be marginally smaller than the PHQ-9.

Keywords: Equivalence testing; Optimal test assembly; Self-report questionnaire; Sensitivity; Specificity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

**Fig. 1.**
Flow diagram of study selection process.

**Fig. 2.**
Receiver-operating curve for each reference standard category. Points represent cutoffs of 0 (right) to 12 (left) for each reference standard category. X marks the PHQ−9 cutoff of ≥ 10.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Goetz C, et al., Item reduction based on rigorous methodological guidelines is necessary to maintain validity when shortening composite measurement scales, J. Clin. Epidemiol 66 (7) (2013) 710–718, 10.1016/J.jclinepi.2012.12.015. - DOI - PubMed
1. Coste J, Guillemin F, Pouchot J, Fermanian J, Methodological approaches to shortening composite measurement scales, J. Clin. Epidemiol 50 (3) (1997) 247–252, 10.1016/S0895-4356(96)00363-0. - DOI - PubMed
1. Kruyen PM, Emons WHM, Sijtsma K, On the Shortcomings of Shortened Tests: A Literature Review, Int. J. Test 13 (3) (2013) 223–248, 10.1080/15305058.2012.703734. - DOI
1. Stanton PC, Sinar JM, Balzer EF, Smith WK, Issues and strategies for reducing the length of self-report scales, Pers. Psychol 55 (1) (2002) 167–194.
1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, The PHQ-9: a new depression diagnostic and severity measure, SLACK Incorporated Thorofare, NJ, 2002.

Publication types

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- Elsevier Science
- PubMed Central

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

External validation of a shortened screening tool using individual participant data meta-analysis: A case study of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Dep-4

Collaborators

Affiliations

External validation of a shortened screening tool using individual participant data meta-analysis: A case study of the Patient Health Questionnaire-Dep-4

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources