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. 2021 Nov 6:14:7763-7773.
doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S332926. eCollection 2021.

Trends in Under-5 Mortality Rates and Their Associations with Socioeconomic Factors Among Countries Participating in the Belt and Road Initiative: A Panel Data Analysis

Ruhai Bai  1 , Wanyue Dong  2 , Jinli Liu  3 , Qiao Peng  3 , Jun Lyu  4
Affiliations

Trends in Under-5 Mortality Rates and Their Associations with Socioeconomic Factors Among Countries Participating in the Belt and Road Initiative: A Panel Data Analysis

Ruhai Bai et al. Int J Gen Med. .

Abstract

Purpose: The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) provided a platform to promote trade and economic collaboration, with health promotion also being an important component. This study examined the burden of the under-5 mortality rate (U5MR) among BRI countries and studied the impact of socioeconomic development on the U5MR.

Patients and methods: Data were collected from 137 BRI countries for the period 2000-2018. The temporal changes in the U5MR and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were used to assess the U5MR burden. A quantile fixed-effects model was used to access the associations between socioeconomic factors and the U5MR.

Results: The U5MR varied widely among the 137 analyzed countries in 2018, being highest in Somalia (121.5 per 1000) and lowest in Slovenia (2.1 per 1000). The decreasing trend in U5MR was largest in Montenegro (EAPC = -9.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -10.2 to -9.0), while the increasing trend was largest in Dominica (EAPC = 6.0, 95% CI = 5.3 to 6.7). Countries with higher U5MRs in 2000 experienced more rapid decreases in the U5MR from 2000 to 2018. The influence of socioeconomic factors on U5MR was related to the distribution of U5MR.

Conclusion: The U5MR remains a major public-health issue in some BRI countries. Improving the economic situation will benefit child health in BRI countries in the long run.

Keywords: Belt and Road; economic factors; socioeconomic; under-five mortality rate.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Study flowchart.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The burden of U5MR in 137 BRI countries. (A) U5MR in 2018; (B) The relative change in U5MR between 2000 and 2018; (C) The estimated annual percentage change of U5MR from 2000 to 2018.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The correlation between EAPC and U5MR in 2000 in 137 BRI countries. The size of circle is increased with the cases of number of under-five deaths. The ρ indices and p were derived from Pearson’s product-moment correlation analysis.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Quantile regression coefficients for U5MR and socioeconomic factors on percentiles of total U5MR in BRI countries. This picture shows the quantile regression coefficients (dark blue line) with 95% CI for the relationship between U5MR and socioeconomic factors. (A) Quantile regression coefficients for GDP per capita and U5MR on percentiles of total U5MR; (B) Quantile regression coefficients for GDP growth rate and U5MR on percentiles of total U5MR; (C) Quantile regression coefficients for inflation and U5MR on percentiles of total U5MR; (D) Quantile regression coefficients for unemployment rate and U5MR on percentiles of total U5MR.
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