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. 2021 Nov 17;11(11):CD000985.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000985.pub3.

Infusion techniques for peripheral arterial thrombolysis

Cathryn Broderick  1 , Jai V Patel  2
Affiliations

Infusion techniques for peripheral arterial thrombolysis

Cathryn Broderick et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Acute limb ischaemia usually is caused by a blood clot blocking an artery or a bypass graft. Severe acute ischaemia will lead to irreversible damage to muscles and nerves if blood flow is not restored in a few hours. Once irreversible damage occurs, amputation will be necessary and the condition can be life-threatening. Infusion of clot-busting drugs (thrombolysis) is a useful tool in the management of acute limb ischaemia. Fibrinolytic drugs are used to disperse blood clots (thrombi) to clear arterial occlusion and restore blood flow. Thrombolysis is less invasive than surgery. A variety of techniques are used to deliver fibrinolytic agents. This is an update of a review first published in 2004.

Objectives: To compare the effects of infusion techniques during peripheral arterial thrombolysis for treatment of patients with acute limb ischaemia.

Search methods: The Cochrane Vascular Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Vascular Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL databases and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform and ClinicalTrials.gov trials registries to 20 October 2020. We undertook reference checking to identify additional studies.

Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing infusion techniques for fibrinolytic agents in the treatment of acute limb ischaemia.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures as recommended by Cochrane. We assessed the risk of bias in included trials using the Cochrane 'Risk of bias' tool. We evaluated certainty of evidence using GRADE. For dichotomous outcomes, we calculated the odds ratio (OR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). We were not able to carry out meta-analyses due to clinical heterogeneity, so we have reported the results and performed the comparisons narratively. The main outcomes of interest were amputation-free survival or limb salvage, amputation, mortality, vessel patency, duration of thrombolysis, and complications such as cerebrovascular accident and major and minor bleeding.

Main results: Nine studies with a total of 671 participants are included in this update. Trials covered a variety of infusion techniques, dosage regimens, and adjunctive agents. We grouped trials according to types of techniques assessed (e.g. intravenous and intra-arterial delivery of the agent, 'high-' and 'low-dose' regimens of the agent, continuous infusion and 'forced infusion' of the agent, use of adjunctive antiplatelet agents). We assessed the certainty of evidence as very low to low due to the limited power of individual studies to deliver clinically relevant results, small and heterogeneous study populations, use of different inclusion criteria by each study in terms of severity and duration of ischaemia, considerably different outcome measures between trials, and use of different fibrinolytic agents. This heterogeneity prevented pooling of data in meta-analyses. No regimen has been shown to confer benefit in terms of amputation-free survival (at 30 days), amputation, or death. For vessel patency, complete success was more likely with intra-arterial (IA) than with intravenous (IV) infusion (odds ratio (OR) 13.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.79 to 62.67; 1 study, 40 participants; low-certainty evidence); radiological failure may be more likely with IV infusion (OR 0.02, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.38; 1 study, 40 participants; low-certainty evidence). Due to the small numbers involved in each arm and design differences between arms, it is not possible to conclude whether any technique offered any advantage over another. None of the treatment strategies clearly affected complications such as cerebrovascular accident or major bleeding requiring surgery or blood transfusion. Minor bleeding complications were more frequent in systemic (intravenous) therapy compared to intra-arterial infusion (OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.00 to 0.56; 1 study, 40 participants), and in high-dose compared to low-dose therapy (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.96; 1 study, 63 participants). Limited evidence from individual trials appears to indicate that high-dose and forced-infusion regimens reduce the duration of thrombolysis. In one trial, the median duration of infusion was 4 hours (range 0.25 to 46) for the high-dose group and 20 hours (range 2 to 46) for the low-dose group. In a second trial, treatment using pulse spray was continued for a median of 120 minutes (range 40 to 310) compared with low-dose infusion for a median of 25 hours (range 2 to 60). In a third trial, the median duration of therapy was reduced with pulse spray at 195 minutes (range 90 to 1260 minutes) compared to continuous infusion at 1390 minutes (range 300 to 2400 minutes). However, none of the studies individually showed improvement in limb salvage at 30 days nor benefit for the amputation rate related to the technique of drug delivery. Similarly, no studies reported a clear difference in occurrence of cerebrovascular accident or major bleeding. Although 'high-dose' and 'forced-infusion' techniques achieved vessel patency in less time than 'low-dose' infusion, more minor bleeding complications may be associated (OR 0.11, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.96; 1 study, 72 participants; and OR 0.48, 95% CI 0.17 to 1.32; 1 study, 121 participants, respectively). Use of adjunctive platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists did not improve outcomes, and results were limited by inclusion of participants with non-limb-threatening ischaemia.

Authors' conclusions: There is insufficient evidence to show that any thrombolytic regimen provides a benefit over any other in terms of amputation-free survival, amputation, or 30-day mortality. The rate of CVA or major bleeding requiring surgery or blood transfusion did not clearly differ between regimens but may occur more frequently in high dose and IV regimens. This evidence was limited and of very low certainty. Minor bleeding may be more common with high-dose and IV regimens. In this context, thrombolysis may be an acceptable therapy for patients with marginally threatened limbs (Rutherford grade IIa) compared with surgery. Caution is advised for patients who do not have limb-threatening ischaemia (Rutherford grade I) because of risks of major haemorrhage, cerebrovascular accident, and death from thrombolysis.

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Conflict of interest statement

CB: none known. As CB is based within Cochrane Vascular, editorial tasks for this review update were carried out by other members of the Cochrane Vascular editorial team. JP: none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Screen4Me flow diagram.
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intra‐arterial delivery versus intravenous delivery, Outcome 1: 30‐Day amputation‐free survival
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intra‐arterial delivery versus intravenous delivery, Outcome 2: Amputation
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intra‐arterial delivery versus intravenous delivery, Outcome 3: 30‐Day mortality
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intra‐arterial delivery versus intravenous delivery, Outcome 4: Vessel patency
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intra‐arterial delivery versus intravenous delivery, Outcome 5: Cerebrovascular accident
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intra‐arterial delivery versus intravenous delivery, Outcome 6: Major bleeding
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intra‐arterial delivery versus intravenous delivery, Outcome 7: Minor bleeding
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose, Outcome 1: 30‐Day amputation‐free survival
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose, Outcome 2: Amputation
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose, Outcome 3: 30‐Day mortality
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose, Outcome 4: Vessel patency
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose, Outcome 5: Cerebrovascular accident
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose, Outcome 6: Major bleeding
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: High dose versus low dose, Outcome 7: Minor bleeding
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Continuous infusion versus pulse/forced infusion, Outcome 1: 30‐Day amputation‐free survival
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3: Continuous infusion versus pulse/forced infusion, Outcome 2: Amputation
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3: Continuous infusion versus pulse/forced infusion, Outcome 3: 30‐Day mortality
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3: Continuous infusion versus pulse/forced infusion, Outcome 4: Vessel patency
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3: Continuous infusion versus pulse/forced infusion, Outcome 5: Cerebrovascular accident
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3: Continuous infusion versus pulse/forced infusion, Outcome 6: Major bleeding
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3: Continuous infusion versus pulse/forced infusion, Outcome 7: Minor bleeding
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Continuous infusion with additional pulse or BOC, Outcome 1: 50% thrombolysis: 5 hours vs 2 hours ± pulse
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Continuous infusion with additional pulse or BOC, Outcome 2: 50% thrombolysis: CIF + pulse vs CIF
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Continuous infusion with additional pulse or BOC, Outcome 3: 50% thrombolysis: BOC vs no BOC
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Continuous infusion with additional pulse or BOC, Outcome 4: 90% thrombolysis: 5 hours vs 2 hours ± pulse
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Continuous infusion with additional pulse or BOC, Outcome 5: 90% thrombolysis: ± BOC
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Continuous infusion with additional pulse or BOC, Outcome 6: Major bleeding: 5 hours vs 2 hours
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4: Continuous infusion with additional pulse or BOC, Outcome 7: Minor bleeding: 5 hours vs 2 hours
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Urokinase with or without adjunctive antiplatelet agents, Outcome 1: Vessel patency
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Urokinase with or without adjunctive antiplatelet agents, Outcome 2: Major bleeding
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Urokinase with or without adjunctive antiplatelet agents, Outcome 3: Minor bleeding
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References

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