Conflict of interest: C. Tabeling reports support from Berlin Institute of Health (BIH): C. Tabeling is participant in the BIH-Charité Clinician Scientist Program funded by the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health; and reports grants from Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie, Bayer HealthCare and Boehringer Ingelheim; lecture honoraria from Actelion and Boehringer Ingelheim; travel support from Actelion, ALK-Abello, Bayer HealthCare and Boehringer Ingelheim; leadership as speaker, section cell biology, German Respiratory Society; outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: M. Witzenrath reports grants from Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie, European Respiratory Society, Marie Curie Foundation, Else Kröner Fresenius Stiftung, Capnetz Stiftung, International Max Planck Research School, Quark Pharma, Takeda Pharma, Noxxon, Pantherna, Silence Therapeutics, Vaxxilon, Actelion, Bayer Health Care, Biotest and Boehringer Ingelheim; consulting fees from Noxxon, Pantherna, Silence Therapeutics, Vaxxilon, Aptarion, GlaxoSmithKline, Sinoxa and Biotest; lecture honoraria from AstraZeneca, Berlin Chemie, Chiesi, Novartis, Teva, Actelion, Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Biotest and Bayer Health Care; a patent issued in 2012 “EPO 12181535.1: IL-27 for modulation of immune response in acute lung injury”; a patent issued in 2010 “WO/2010/094491: Means for inhibiting the expression of Ang-2”; a patent issued in 2020/2021 “DE 102020116249.9: Camostat/Niclosamide cotreatment in SARS-CoV-2 infected human lung cells”; outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: W.M. Kuebler has nothing to disclose.