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Review
. 2021 Nov 2:4:736697.
doi: 10.3389/frai.2021.736697. eCollection 2021.

What Makes Artificial Intelligence Exceptional in Health Technology Assessment?

Jean-Christophe Bélisle-Pipon  1 , Vincent Couture  2 , Marie-Christine Roy  3 , Isabelle Ganache  4 , Mireille Goetghebeur  4 , I Glenn Cohen  5
Affiliations
Review

What Makes Artificial Intelligence Exceptional in Health Technology Assessment?

Jean-Christophe Bélisle-Pipon et al. Front Artif Intell. .

Abstract

The application of artificial intelligence (AI) may revolutionize the healthcare system, leading to enhance efficiency by automatizing routine tasks and decreasing health-related costs, broadening access to healthcare delivery, targeting more precisely patient needs, and assisting clinicians in their decision-making. For these benefits to materialize, governments and health authorities must regulate AI, and conduct appropriate health technology assessment (HTA). Many authors have highlighted that AI health technologies (AIHT) challenge traditional evaluation and regulatory processes. To inform and support HTA organizations and regulators in adapting their processes to AIHTs, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on the challenges posed by AIHTs in HTA and health regulation. Our research question was: What makes artificial intelligence exceptional in HTA? The current body of literature appears to portray AIHTs as being exceptional to HTA. This exceptionalism is expressed along 5 dimensions: 1) AIHT's distinctive features; 2) their systemic impacts on health care and the health sector; 3) the increased expectations towards AI in health; 4) the new ethical, social and legal challenges that arise from deploying AI in the health sector; and 5) the new evaluative constraints that AI poses to HTA. Thus, AIHTs are perceived as exceptional because of their technological characteristics and potential impacts on society at large. As AI implementation by governments and health organizations carries risks of generating new, and amplifying existing, challenges, there are strong arguments for taking into consideration the exceptional aspects of AIHTs, especially as their impacts on the healthcare system will be far greater than that of drugs and medical devices. As AIHTs begin to be increasingly introduced into the health care sector, there is a window of opportunity for HTA agencies and scholars to consider AIHTs' exceptionalism and to work towards only deploying clinically, economically, socially acceptable AIHTs in the health care system.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; ethical; exceptionalism; health regulation; health technology assessment; social and legal implications.

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Conflict of interest statement

IGC serves as a bioethics consultant for Otsuka on their Abilify MyCite product, is a member of the Illumina ethics advisory Board, and serves as an ethics consultant for Dawnlight. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
PRISMA Flowchart. AI = artificial intelligence; ELSI = ethical, legal, and social implications; HTA = health technology assessment.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
The five main aspects of artificial intelligence health technologies’ exceptionalism.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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