Lifestyle, inadequate environments in childhood and their effects on adult cardiovascular health

Abstract

Objectives: To discuss the associations between habits and environment in childhood and cardiovascular effects on adults.

Source of data: Search in PubMed, Scielo and Science databases, cohort or case-control studies, and systematic or scope-based reviewson the causal relationship among exposures in the pediatric age group and cardiovascular effects in adults.

Synthesis of data: The authors identified 41 eligible articles, which demonstrated an impact on cardiovascular health (characterized as surrogate events - structural or functional vascular alterations or left ventricular dysfunction - or clinical events - myocardial infarction, stroke or cardiovascular death) with environmental aspects (intrauterine or economically poor environment, violence, reduced life expectancy and serious infections) and habits (nutrition, physical activity and tobacco exposure). In addition to the direct and independent associations between exposures and outcomes, several traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) or family histories are also intermediate pathophysiological pathways in the described phenomena.

Conclusions: There are direct relationships between lifestyle and inadequate environments in childhood and cardiovascular effects, although the observed associations showed divergences in terms of results and interpretation. In spite of these, it is recommended to encourage healthy lifestyles and protection against childhood adverse exposures, as habit formation occurs at this age, and its relationship with CVRF since childhood has already been well established. On the other hand, the format and intensity of the stimulus must respect the social, cultural and psychological aspects of each population, aiming to obtain the best and most lasting result without generating harmful consequences for the individuals.

Keywords: Adult; Atherosclerosis; Child; Coronary disease; Lifestyle; Stroke.

Fig. 1

Research and data extraction procedure.

Fig. 2

The pro-inflammatory state tends to perpetuate itself, demonstrating the difficulty of leaving this vicious circle for children born in an unfavorable environment.

Fig. 3

Relationships described between habits and inadequate environment in childhood and surrogate and clinical outcomes, in black. In gray, factors that mediate these relationships.