Endoscopic Treatment of Esophageal Varices

Abstract

Acute variceal bleeding is a complication of portal hypertension, usually due to cirrhosis, with high morbidity and mortality. There are 3 scenarios for endoscopic treatment of esophageal varices: prevention of first variceal bleed, treatment of active variceal bleed, and prevention of rebleeding. Patients with cirrhosis should be screened for esophageal varices. Recommended endoscopic therapy for acute variceal bleeding is endoscopic variceal banding. Although banding is the first-choice treatment, sclerotherapy may have a role. Treatment with Sengstaken-Blakemore tube or self-expanding covered metallic esophageal stent can be used for acute variceal bleeding refractory to standard pharmacologic and endoscopic therapy.

Keywords: Cirrhosis; Esophageal variceal banding; Esophageal variceal bleeding; Esophageal variceal ligation; Esophageal variceal sclerotherapy; Esophageal varices; Sengstaken-Blakemore tube.