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Review
. 2021 Oct 2;17(3-4):85-99.
doi: 10.1080/15476278.2021.1991199. Epub 2021 Nov 22.

Time-dependently Appeared Microenvironmental Changes and Mechanism after Cartilage or Joint Damage and the Influences on Cartilage Regeneration

Danyang Yue  1 , Lin Du  1 , Bingbing Zhang  1 , Huan Wu  1 , Qiong Yang  1 , Min Wang  2 , Jun Pan  1
Affiliations
Review

Time-dependently Appeared Microenvironmental Changes and Mechanism after Cartilage or Joint Damage and the Influences on Cartilage Regeneration

Danyang Yue et al. Organogenesis. .

Abstract

Cartilage and joint damage easily degenerates cartilage and turns into osteoarthritis (OA), which seriously affects human life and work, and has no cure currently. The temporal and spatial changes of multiple microenvironments upon the damage of cartilage and joint are noticed, including the emergences of inflammation, bone remodeling, blood vessels, and nerves, as well as alterations of extracellular and pericellular matrix, oxygen tension, biomechanics, underneath articular cartilage tissues, and pH value. This review summarizes the existing literatures on microenvironmental changes, mechanisms, and their negative effects on cartilage regeneration following cartilage and joint damage. We conclude that time-dependently rebuilding the multiple normal microenvironments of damaged cartilage is the key for cartilage regeneration after systematic studies for the timing and correlations of various microenvironment changes.

Keywords: Joint damage; biomechanics; osteoarthritis (OA); oxygen tension; pH value.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
The time-dependently (in the gray arrow) altered microenvironments (the bold italic letters) and their influences on relative tissues, cells, cytokines, and other microenvironments (normal black letters) as well as their interplays (as shown in Inflammation, positive effects are gray line and dot lines, the negative effects are dot lines) after cartilage or joint damage.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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