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. 2021 Nov 22;11(11):CD004407.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5.

Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children

Carlo Di Pietrantonj  1 , Alessandro Rivetti  2 , Pasquale Marchione  3 , Maria Grazia Debalini  4 , Vittorio Demicheli  1
Affiliations

Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children

Carlo Di Pietrantonj et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella (chickenpox) are serious diseases that can lead to serious complications, disability, and death. However, public debate over the safety of the trivalent MMR vaccine and the resultant drop in vaccination coverage in several countries persists, despite its almost universal use and accepted effectiveness. This is an update of a review published in 2005 and updated in 2012.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness, safety, and long- and short-term adverse effects associated with the trivalent vaccine, containing measles, rubella, mumps strains (MMR), or concurrent administration of MMR vaccine and varicella vaccine (MMR+V), or tetravalent vaccine containing measles, rubella, mumps, and varicella strains (MMRV), given to children aged up to 15 years.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (the Cochrane Library 2019, Issue 5), which includes the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group's Specialised Register, MEDLINE (1966 to 2 May 2019), Embase (1974 to 2 May 2019), the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (2 May 2019), and ClinicalTrials.gov (2 May 2019).

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), prospective and retrospective cohort studies (PCS/RCS), case-control studies (CCS), interrupted time-series (ITS) studies, case cross-over (CCO) studies, case-only ecological method (COEM) studies, self-controlled case series (SCCS) studies, person-time cohort (PTC) studies, and case-coverage design/screening methods (CCD/SM) studies, assessing any combined MMR or MMRV / MMR+V vaccine given in any dose, preparation or time schedule compared with no intervention or placebo, on healthy children up to 15 years of age.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. We grouped studies for quantitative analysis according to study design, vaccine type (MMR, MMRV, MMR+V), virus strain, and study settings. Outcomes of interest were cases of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella, and harms. Certainty of evidence of was rated using GRADE.

Main results: We included 138 studies (23,480,668 participants). Fifty-one studies (10,248,159 children) assessed vaccine effectiveness and 87 studies (13,232,509 children) assessed the association between vaccines and a variety of harms. We included 74 new studies to this 2019 version of the review. Effectiveness Vaccine effectiveness in preventing measles was 95% after one dose (relative risk (RR) 0.05, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.13; 7 cohort studies; 12,039 children; moderate certainty evidence) and 96% after two doses (RR 0.04, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.28; 5 cohort studies; 21,604 children; moderate certainty evidence). The effectiveness in preventing cases among household contacts or preventing transmission to others the children were in contact with after one dose was 81% (RR 0.19, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.89; 3 cohort studies; 151 children; low certainty evidence), after two doses 85% (RR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.75; 3 cohort studies; 378 children; low certainty evidence), and after three doses was 96% (RR 0.04, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.23; 2 cohort studies; 151 children; low certainty evidence). The effectiveness (at least one dose) in preventing measles after exposure (post-exposure prophylaxis) was 74% (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.50; 2 cohort studies; 283 children; low certainty evidence). The effectiveness of Jeryl Lynn containing MMR vaccine in preventing mumps was 72% after one dose (RR 0.24, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.76; 6 cohort studies; 9915 children; moderate certainty evidence), 86% after two doses (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.35; 5 cohort studies; 7792 children; moderate certainty evidence). Effectiveness in preventing cases among household contacts was 74% (RR 0.26, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.49; 3 cohort studies; 1036 children; moderate certainty evidence). Vaccine effectiveness against rubella, using a vaccine with the BRD2 strain which is only used in China, is 89% (RR 0.11, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.42; 1 cohort study; 1621 children; moderate certainty evidence). Vaccine effectiveness against varicella (any severity) after two doses in children aged 11 to 22 months is 95% in a 10 years follow-up (rate ratio (rr) 0.05, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.08; 1 RCT; 2279 children; high certainty evidence). Safety There is evidence supporting an association between aseptic meningitis and MMR vaccines containing Urabe and Leningrad-Zagreb mumps strains, but no evidence supporting this association for MMR vaccines containing Jeryl Lynn mumps strains (rr 1.30, 95% CI 0.66 to 2.56; low certainty evidence). The analyses provide evidence supporting an association between MMR/MMR+V/MMRV vaccines (Jeryl Lynn strain) and febrile seizures. Febrile seizures normally occur in 2% to 4% of healthy children at least once before the age of 5. The attributable risk febrile seizures vaccine-induced is estimated to be from 1 per 1700 to 1 per 1150 administered doses. The analyses provide evidence supporting an association between MMR vaccination and idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura (ITP). However, the risk of ITP after vaccination is smaller than after natural infection with these viruses. Natural infection of ITP occur in 5 cases per 100,000 (1 case per 20,000) per year. The attributable risk is estimated about 1 case of ITP per 40,000 administered MMR doses. There is no evidence of an association between MMR immunisation and encephalitis or encephalopathy (rate ratio 0.90, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.61; 2 observational studies; 1,071,088 children; low certainty evidence), and autistic spectrum disorders (rate ratio 0.93, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.01; 2 observational studies; 1,194,764 children; moderate certainty). There is insufficient evidence to determine the association between MMR immunisation and inflammatory bowel disease (odds ratio 1.42, 95% CI 0.93 to 2.16; 3 observational studies; 409 cases and 1416 controls; moderate certainty evidence). Additionally, there is no evidence supporting an association between MMR immunisation and cognitive delay, type 1 diabetes, asthma, dermatitis/eczema, hay fever, leukaemia, multiple sclerosis, gait disturbance, and bacterial or viral infections. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Existing evidence on the safety and effectiveness of MMR/MMRV vaccines support their use for mass immunisation. Campaigns aimed at global eradication should assess epidemiological and socioeconomic situations of the countries as well as the capacity to achieve high vaccination coverage. More evidence is needed to assess whether the protective effect of MMR/MMRV could wane with time since immunisation.

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Conflict of interest statement

Carlo Di Pietrantonj: none known Alessandro Rivetti: none known Pasquale Marchione: none known Maria Grazia Debalini: none known Vittorio Demicheli: none known

Figures

1
1
Flow diagram (simplified version).
2
2
Flow diagram (complete).
3
3
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Effectiveness against measles, Outcome 1: Cohort studies (vaccinated vs unvaccinated)
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Effectiveness against measles, Outcome 2: Cohort studies (household contacts: vaccinated vs unvaccinated)
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Effectiveness against measles, Outcome 3: Cohort studies (postexposure prophylaxis: vaccinated vs unvaccinated)
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Effectiveness against measles, Outcome 4: Case‐control studies
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 1: Cohort studies ‐ Jeryl Lynn strain
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 2: Cohort studies ‐ Urabe strain
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 3: Cohort studies ‐ Rubini strain
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 4: Cohort studies ‐ mumps strain not reported or mixed
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 5: Cohort studies ‐ 3 doses vs 2 doses
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 6: Case‐control studies ‐ Jeryl Lynn strain
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 7: Case‐control studies ‐ Jeryl Lynn strain ‐ lab‐confirmed cases
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 8: Case‐control studies ‐ Urabe strain
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 9: Case‐control studies ‐ Rubini strain
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2: Effectiveness against mumps, Outcome 10: Case‐control studies ‐ strain type not reported or any strain
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3: Effectiveness against rubella, Outcome 1: Cohort studies secondary cases
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 1: MMRV randomised clinical trial ‐ any severity
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 2: MMRV randomised clinical trial ‐ moderate/severe cases
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 3: MMR+V randomised clinical trial ‐ any severity
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 4: MMR+V randomised clinical trial ‐ moderate/severe cases
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 5: MMR+V randomised clinical trial ‐ severe cases
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 6: MMRV cohort study
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 7: MMRV case‐control
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 8: MMR+V case control
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 9: MMRV case only ecological method ‐ hospitalisation
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4: Effectiveness against varicella, Outcome 10: MMRV case only ecological method ‐ incidence
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5: Safety: short‐term side effects (local or systemic reactions), Outcome 1: Temperature
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5: Safety: short‐term side effects (local or systemic reactions), Outcome 2: Rash
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5: Safety: short‐term side effects (local or systemic reactions), Outcome 3: Lymphadenopathy
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5: Safety: short‐term side effects (local or systemic reactions), Outcome 4: Coryza
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5: Safety: short‐term side effects (local or systemic reactions), Outcome 5: URTI (rhinitis, pharyngitis)
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5: Safety: short‐term side effects (local or systemic reactions), Outcome 6: Cough
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6: Safety: encephalitis or encephalopathy, Outcome 1: Case‐control: MMR (risk interval from 0 to 90 days)
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6: Safety: encephalitis or encephalopathy, Outcome 2: Self‐controlled case series/person‐time cohort
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7: Safety: aseptic meningitis, Outcome 1: Case‐control ‐ case cross‐over
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7: Safety: aseptic meningitis, Outcome 2: Self‐controlled case series (SCCS)/person‐time cohort (PT)
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7: Safety: aseptic meningitis, Outcome 3: Case only ecological method (COEM)
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8: Safety: seizures (febrile/afebrile), Outcome 1: Cohort studies
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8: Safety: seizures (febrile/afebrile), Outcome 2: Self‐controlled case series/person‐time cohort
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8: Safety: seizures (febrile/afebrile), Outcome 3: MMRV versus MMR+V
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8: Safety: seizures (febrile/afebrile), Outcome 4: MMRV versus MMR+V ‐ by brand
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8: Safety: seizures (febrile/afebrile), Outcome 5: MMRV versus MMR
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8: Safety: seizures (febrile/afebrile), Outcome 6: MMRV versus MMR ‐ by brand
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9: Safety: autism spectrum disorders, Outcome 1: Cohort studies
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9: Safety: autism spectrum disorders, Outcome 2: Case‐control
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9: Safety: autism spectrum disorders, Outcome 3: Self‐controlled case series/person‐time cohort
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9: Safety: autism spectrum disorders, Outcome 4: Case only ecological method
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10: Safety: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Outcome 1: Case‐control
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10: Safety: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Outcome 2: Case‐only ecological method (rate ratio)
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10: Safety: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Outcome 3: Case only ecological method (odds ratio)
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11: Safety: cognitive delay ‐ developmental delay, Outcome 1: Cohort study
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12: Safety: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Outcome 1: Case‐control ‐ case cross‐over
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12: Safety: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, Outcome 2: Self‐controlled case series
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13: Safety: Henoch‐Schönlein purpura, Outcome 1: Case‐control
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14: Safety: type 1 diabetes, Outcome 1: Cohort study MMR
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15: Safety: asthma, Outcome 1: Cohort study (rate ratio)
15.2
15.2. Analysis
Comparison 15: Safety: asthma, Outcome 2: Cohort study (risk ratio)
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16: Safety: eczema ‐ dermatitis, Outcome 1: Cohort study (rate ratio)
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16: Safety: eczema ‐ dermatitis, Outcome 2: Cohort study (risk ratio)
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17: Safety: hay fever, rhinoconjunctivitis, hypersensitivity/allergy, Outcome 1: Cohort study ‐ rhinoconjunctivitis
17.2
17.2. Analysis
Comparison 17: Safety: hay fever, rhinoconjunctivitis, hypersensitivity/allergy, Outcome 2: Cohort study ‐ hypersensitivity/allergy
17.3
17.3. Analysis
Comparison 17: Safety: hay fever, rhinoconjunctivitis, hypersensitivity/allergy, Outcome 3: Case‐control ‐ hay fever
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18: Safety: acute leukaemia, Outcome 1: Case‐control
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19: Safety: demyelinating diseases ‐ multiple sclerosis ‐ acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Outcome 1: Case‐control
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20: Safety: gait disturbances, Outcome 1: Self‐controlled case series (hospitalisations)
20.2
20.2. Analysis
Comparison 20: Safety: gait disturbances, Outcome 2: Self‐controlled case series (GP visits)
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21: Safety: bacterial or viral infections, immune overload, Outcome 1: Self‐controlled case series ‐ lobar pneumonia
21.2
21.2. Analysis
Comparison 21: Safety: bacterial or viral infections, immune overload, Outcome 2: Self‐controlled case series ‐ invasive bacterial infections
21.3
21.3. Analysis
Comparison 21: Safety: bacterial or viral infections, immune overload, Outcome 3: Self‐controlled case series ‐ encephalitis meningitis
21.4
21.4. Analysis
Comparison 21: Safety: bacterial or viral infections, immune overload, Outcome 4: Self‐controlled case series ‐ herpes
21.5
21.5. Analysis
Comparison 21: Safety: bacterial or viral infections, immune overload, Outcome 5: Self‐controlled case series ‐ pneumonia
21.6
21.6. Analysis
Comparison 21: Safety: bacterial or viral infections, immune overload, Outcome 6: Self‐controlled case series ‐ varicella zoster
21.7
21.7. Analysis
Comparison 21: Safety: bacterial or viral infections, immune overload, Outcome 7: Self‐controlled case series ‐ miscellaneous viral infections
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

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bb‐Bremner 2007 {published data only}
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bb‐De Stefano 2004 {published data only}
    1. De Stefano F, Bhasin TK, Thompson WW, Yeargin-Allsopp M, Boyle C. Age at first measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in children with autism and school-matched control subjects: a population-based study in metropolitan Atlanta. Pediatrics 2004;113(2):259-66. - PubMed
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bb‐Groves 1999 {published data only}
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    1. Ray P, Hayward J, Michelson D, Lewis E, Schwalbe J, Black S, et al. Encephalopathy after whole-cell pertussis or measles vaccination: lack of evidence for a causal association in a retrospective case-control study. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2006;25(9):768-73. - PubMed
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    1. Uno Y, Uchiyama T, Kurosawa M, Aleksic B, Ozaki N. The combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines and the total number of vaccines are not associated with development of autism spectrum disorder: the first case-control study in Asia. Vaccine 2012;30(28):4292-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.093] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Arciuolo RJ, Jablonski RR, Zucker JR, Rosen JB. Effectiveness of measles vaccination and immune globulin post-exposure prophylaxis in an outbreak setting - New York City, 2013. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2017;65(11):1843-7. - PubMed
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    1. Chang C, Mo X, Hu P, Liang W, Ma H, An Z, et al. Effectiveness of rubella vaccine in a rubella outbreak in Guangzhou city, China, 2014. Vaccine 2015;33(28):3223-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.083] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Greenland K, Whelan J, Fanoy E, Borgert M, Hulshof K, Yap KB, et al. Mumps outbreak among vaccinated university students associated with a large party, the Netherlands 2010. Vaccine 2012;30(31):4676-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04083] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Livingston KA, Rosen JB, Zucker JR, Zimmerman CM. Mumps vaccine effectiveness and risk factors for disease in household during an outbreak in New York City. Vaccine 2013;32(3):369-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.021] - DOI - PubMed
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    1. Ma C, Liu Y, Tang J, Jia H, Qin W, Su Y, et al. Assessment of mumps-containing vaccine effectiveness during an outbreak: importance to introduce the 2-dose schedule for China. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapy 2018;14(6):1392-7. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Marolla F, Baviera G, [No Value] Cacciapuoti, Calia V, Cannavavo R, Clemente A, et al. A field study on vaccine efficacy against mumps of three MMR vaccines [Efficacia verso la parotite di tre diversi vaccini a tripla componente: studio sul campo]. Rivista Italiana Di Pediatria 1998;24(3):466-72.
ca‐Musa 2018 {published data only}
    1. Musa S, Topalović B, Ćatić S, Smajlagić Z. Assessment of vaccine effectiveness during measles outbreak in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2014-2015. Central European Journal of Public Health 2018;26(2):79-82. - PubMed
ca‐Nelson 2013 {published data only}
    1. Nelson GE, Aguon A, Valencia E, Oliva R, Guerrero ML, Reyes R, et al. Epidemiology of a mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated island population and use of a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine for outbreak control - Guam 2009 to 2010. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2013;32(4):374-80. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Ong G, Goh KT, Ma S, Chew SK. Comparative efficacy of Rubini, Jeryl-Lynn and Urabe mumps vaccine in an Asian population. Journal of Infections 2005;51(4):294-8. - PubMed
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ca‐Rieck 2017 {published data only}
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ca‐Spackova 2010 {published data only}
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    1. Tafuri S, Martinelli D, Prato R, Germinario C. Vaccine effectiveness evaluation during a varicella outbreak among children of primary schools and day-care centers in region which adopted UMV. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 2013;9(1):184-8. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Woudenberg T, Maas NAT, Knol MJ, Melker H, Binnendijk RS, Hahne SJM. Effectiveness of early measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination among 6-14-month-old infants during an epidemic in the Netherlands: an observational cohort study. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2017;215(8):1181-7. - PubMed
cb‐Ahlgren 2009 {published data only}
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cb‐Barlow 2001 {published data only}
    1. Barlow WE, Davis RL, Glasser JW, Rhodes PH, Thompson RS, Mullooly JP, et al. The risk of seizures after receipt of whole-cell pertussis or measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine 2001;345(9):656-61. - PubMed
cb‐Beck 1989 {published data only}
    1. Beck M, Welsz-Malecek R, Mesko-Prejac M, Radman V, Juzbasic M, Rajninger-Miholic M, et al. Mumps vaccine L-Zagreb, prepared in chick fibroblasts. I. Production and field trials. Journal of Biological Standards 1989;17(1):85-90. - PubMed
cb‐Benjamin 1992 {published data only}
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cb‐Beyerlein 2017 {published data only}
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cb‐DeStefano 2002 {published data only}
    1. DeStefano F, Gu D, Kramarz P, Truman BI, Iademarco MF, Mullooly JP, et al. Childhood vaccinations and risk of asthma. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2002;21(6):498-504. - PubMed
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    1. Gavrielov-Yusim N, Hoshen M, Singer SR, Neumann L, Balicer RD. The weight of MMRV-related febrile convulsions among other clinical factors contributing to febrile convulsions in children. Vaccine 2014;32(39):4954-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
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cb‐Hviid 2008 {published data only}
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cb‐Hviid 2019 {published data only}
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cb‐Jacobsen 2009 {published data only}
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cb‐Klein 2010 {published data only}
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cb‐Klein 2017 {published data only}
    1. Klein NP, Lewis E, McDonald J, Fireman B, Naleway A, Glanz J, et al. Risk factors and familial clustering for fever 7-10 days after the first dose of measles vaccines. Vaccine 2017;35(12):1615-21. - PubMed
cb‐Madsen 2002 {published data only}
    1. Madsen KM, Hviid A, Vestergaard M, Schendel D, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P, et al. A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. New England Journal of Medicine 2002;347(19):1477-82. - PubMed
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cb‐Makino 1990 {published data only}
    1. Makino S, Sasaki K, Nakayama T, Oka S, Urano T, Kimura M, et al. A new combined trivalent live measles (AIK-C strain), mumps (Hoshino strain), and rubella (Takahashi strain) vaccine. Findings in clinical and laboratory studies. American Journal of Diseases in Children 1990;144(8):905-10. - PubMed
cb‐McKeever 2004 {published data only}
    1. McKeever TM, Lewis SA, Smith C, Hubbard R. Vaccination and allergic disease: a birth cohort study. American Journal of Public Health 2004;94(6):985-9. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Mrozek-Budzyn D, Kiełtyka A, Majewska R, Augustyniak M. Measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination has no effect on cognitive development in children - the results of the Polish prospective cohort study. Vaccine 2013;31(22):2551-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.057] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
cb‐Robertson 1988 {published data only}
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    1. Rowhani-Rahbar A, Fireman B, Lewis E, Nordin J, Naleway A, Jacobsen SJ, et al. Effect of age on the risk of fever and seizures following immunization with measles-containing vaccines in children. JAMA Pediatrics 2013;167(12):1111-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
cb‐Schink 2014 {published data only}
    1. Gvozdenovic E, Vetter V, Willame C, Rosillon D. Impact of history of febrile convulsions on the risk difference of febrile convulsions with the tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine: post-hoc exploratory analysis of results from a matched-cohort study. Vaccine 2018;36(39):5803-6. - PubMed
    1. Schink T, Holstiege J, Kowalzik F, Zepp F, Garbe E. Risk of febrile convulsions after MMRV vaccination in comparison to MMR or MMR+V vaccination. Vaccine 2014;32(6):645-50. [PMID: ] - PubMed
cb‐Sharma 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sharma HJ, Oun SA, Bakr SS, Kapre SV, Jadhav SS, Dhere RM, et al. No demonstrable association between the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps vaccine strain and aseptic meningitis in a large clinical trial in Egypt. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2010;16(4):347-52. - PubMed
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    1. Stokes JJ, Weibel RE, Villarejos VM, Arguedas JA, Buynak EB, Hilleman MR. Trivalent combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Findings in clinical-laboratory studies. JAMA 1971;218(1):57-61. - PubMed
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cb‐Timmermann 2015 {published data only}
    1. Timmermann CA, Osuna CE, Steuerwald U, Weihe P, Poulsen LK, Grandjean P. Asthma and allergy in children with and without prior measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 2015;26(8):742-9. [DOI: 10.1111/pai.12391] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
cb‐Uchiyama 2007 {published data only}
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cb‐Vestergaard 2004 {published data only}
    1. Vestergaard M, Hviid A, Madsen KM, Wohlfahrt J, Thorsen P, Schendel D, et al. MMR vaccination and febrile seizures: evaluation of susceptible subgroups and long-term prognosis. JAMA 2004;292(3):351-7. - PubMed
cb‐Weibel 1980 {published data only}
    1. Weibel RE, Carlson AJ Jr, Villarejos VM, Buynak EB, McLean AA, Hilleman MR. Clinical and laboratory studies of combined live measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines using the RA 27/3 rubella virus. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1980;165(2):323-6. - PubMed
db‐Andrews 2012 {published data only}
    1. Andrews N, Stoweb J, Miller E, Svanström H, Johansen K, Bonhoeffer J, et al, VAESCO consortium. A collaborative approach to investigating the risk of thrombocytopenic purpura after measles–mumps–rubella vaccination in England and Denmark. Vaccine 2012;30:3042-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.009] - DOI - PubMed
db‐Dourado 2000 {published data only}
    1. Dourado I, Cunha S, Teixeira MG, Farrington CP, Melo A, Lucena R, et al. Outbreak of aseptic meningitis associated with mass vaccination with a Urabe-containing measles-mumps-rubella vaccine: implications for immunization programs. American Journal of Epidemiology 2000;151(5):524-30. - PubMed
db‐Farrington 1995 {published data only}
    1. Farrington CP, Miller E, Taylor B. MMR and autism: further evidence against a causal association. Vaccine 2001;19(27):3632-5. - PubMed
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db‐France 2008 {published data only}
    1. France EK, Glanz J, Xu S, Hambidge S, Yamasaki K, Black SB, et al. Risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after measles-mumps-rubella immunization in children. Pediatrics 2008;121(3):e687-92. - PubMed
db‐Macartney 2017 {published data only}
    1. Macartney K, Gidding HF, Trinh L, Wang H, Dey A, Hull B, et al. Evaluation of combination measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine introduction in Australia. JAMA Pediatrics 2017;171(10):992-8. - PMC - PubMed
db‐MacDonald 2014 {published data only}
    1. MacDonald SE, Dover DC, Simmonds KA, Svenson LW. Risk of febrile seizures after first dose of measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 2014;186(11):824-9. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
db‐Makela 2002 {published data only}
    1. Makela A, Nuorti JP, Peltola H. Neurologic disorders after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination. Pediatrics 2002;110(5):957-63. - PubMed
db‐McClure 2019 {published data only}
    1. McClure DL, Jacobsen SJ, Klein NP, Naleway AL, Kharbanda EO, Glanz JM, et al. Similar relative risks of seizures following measles containing vaccination in children born preterm compared to full-term without previous seizures or seizure-related disorders. Vaccine 2019;37(1):76-9. - PMC - PubMed
db‐Miller 2003 {published data only}
    1. Miller E, Andrews N, Waight P, Taylor B. Bacterial infections, immune overload, and MMR vaccine. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2003;88:222-3. [DOI: 10.1136/adc.88.3.222] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
db‐Miller 2005 {published data only}
    1. Miller E, Andrews N, Grant A, Stowe J, Taylor B. No evidence of an association between MMR vaccine and gait disturbance. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2005;90(3):292-6. - PMC - PubMed
db‐Miller 2007 {published data only}
    1. Miller E, Andrews N, Stowe J, Grant A, Waight P, Taylor B. Risks of convulsion and aseptic meningitis following measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in the United Kingdom. American Journal of Epidemiology 2007;165(6):704-9. - PubMed
db‐O'Leary 2012 {published and unpublished data}
    1. O’Leary ST, Glanz JM, McClure DL, Akhtar A, Daley MF, Nakasato C, et al. The risk of immune thrombocytopenic purpura after vaccination in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2012;129:248-55. [DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1111] - DOI - PubMed
db‐Perez‐Vilar 2018 {published data only}
    1. Perez-Vilar S, Weibel D, Sturkenboom M, Black S, Maure C, Castro JL, et al. Enhancing global vaccine pharmacovigilance: proof-of-concept study on aseptic meningitis and immune thrombocytopenic purpura following measles-mumps containing vaccination. Vaccine 2018;36(3):347-54. - PMC - PubMed
db‐Stowe 2009 {published data only}
    1. Stowe J, Andrews N, Taylor B, Miller E. No evidence of an increase of bacterial and viral infections following measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. Vaccine 2009;27(9):1422-5. - PubMed
db‐Taylor 1999 {published data only}
    1. Taylor B, Miller E, Farrington CP, Petropoulos MC, Favot-Mayaud I, Li J, et al. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Lancet 1999;353(9169):2026-9. - PubMed
db‐Ward 2007 {published data only}
    1. Ward KN, Bryant NJ, Andrews NJ, Bowley JS, Ohrling A, Verity CM, et al. Risk of serious neurologic disease after immunization of young children in Britain and Ireland. Pediatrics 2007;120(2):314-21. - PubMed
eb‐Ki 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ki M, Park T, Yi SG, Oh JK, Choi BY. Risk analysis of aseptic meningitis after measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in Korean children by using a case crossover design. American Journal of Epidemiology 2003;157(2):158-65. [DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwf167] - DOI - PubMed
eb‐Lafaurie 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lafaurie M, Baricault B, Lapeyre-Mestre M, Sailler L, Moulis G, Sommet A, et al. Risk of vaccine-induced immune thrombocytopenia in children. Nationwide case cross-over and self controlled case series studies in France. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology 2018;32:86.
eb‐Park 2004 {published data only}
    1. Park T, Ki M, Yi SG. Statistical analysis of MMR vaccine adverse events on aseptic meningitis using the case cross-over design. Statistics in Medicine 2004;23(12):1871-83. - PubMed
ga‐Boccalini 2015 {published data only}
    1. Boccalini S, Bonanni P, Bechini A. Preparing to introduce the varicella vaccine into the Italian immunisation programme: varicella-related hospitalisations in Tuscany, 2004–2012. Euro Surveillance 2015;21:1-7. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.24.30257] - DOI - PubMed
ga‐Pozza 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pozza F, Piovesan C, Russo F, Bella A, Pezzotti P, Emberti Gialloreti L. Impact of universal vaccination on the epidemiology of varicella in Veneto, Italy. Vaccine 2011;29(51):9480-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
ga‐Tafuri 2015 {published data only}
    1. Tafuri S, Fortunato F, Cappelli MG, Cozza V, Bechini A, Bonanni P, et al. Effectiveness of vaccination against varicella in children under 5 years in Puglia, Italy 2006-2012. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapy 2015;11(1):214-9. [DOI: 10.4161/hv.36153] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
gb‐da Cunha 2002 {published data only}
    1. da Cunha SS, Rodrigues LC, Barreto ML, Dourado I. Outbreak of aseptic meningitis and mumps after mass vaccination with MMR vaccine using the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps strain. Vaccine 2002;20(7-8):1106-12. - PubMed
gb‐da Silveira 2002 {published data only}
    1. da Silveira CM, Kmetzsch CI, Mohrdieck R, Sperb AF, Prevots DR. The risk of aseptic meningitis associated with the Leningrad-Zagreb mumps vaccine strain following mass vaccination with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 1997. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(5):978-82. - PubMed
gb‐Fombonne 2001 {published data only}
    1. Fombonne E, Chakrabarti S. No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism. Pediatrics 2001;108(4):E58. - PubMed
gb‐Fombonne 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fombonne E, Zakarian R, Bennett A, Meng L, McLean-Heywood D. Pervasive developmental disorders in Montreal, Quebec, Canada: prevalence and links with immunizations. Pediatrics 2006;118(1):e139-50. - PubMed
gb‐Honda 2005 {published data only}
    1. Honda H, Shimizu Y, Rutter M. No effect of MMR withdrawal on the incidence of autism: a total population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 2005;46(6):572-9. - PubMed
gb‐Jonville‐Bera 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jonville-Bera AP, Autret E, Galy-Eyraud C, Hessel L. Thrombocytopenic purpura after measles, mumps and rubella vaccination: a retrospective survey by the French Regional Pharmacovigilance Centres and Pasteur-Mérieux Sérums et Vaccins. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1996;15(1):44-8. - PubMed
gb‐Seagroatt 2005 {published data only}
    1. Seagroatt V. MMR vaccine and Crohn's disease: ecological study of hospital admissions in England, 1991 to 2002. BMJ 2005;330(7500):1120-1. - PMC - PubMed
gb‐Taylor 2002 {published data only}
    1. Taylor B, Miller E, Lingam R, Andrews N, Simmons A, Stowe J. Measles. mumps, and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: population study. BMJ 2002;321(7334):393-6. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7334.393] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Akobeng 1999 {published data only}
    1. Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Inflammatory bowel disease, autism, and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1999;28(3):351-2. - PubMed
Andre 1984 {published data only}
    1. Andre FE. Summary of clinical studies with the Oka live varicella vaccine produced by Smith Kline-RIT. Biken Journal 1984;27(2-3):89-98. - PubMed
Anonymous 1982 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Adverse effects of Virivac. Lakartidningen 1982;79(42):3822. - PubMed
Anonymous 1997 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Vaccination: news on precautions, contraindications, and adverse reactions. Consultant 1997;37(3):756-60.
Anonymous 1998 {published data only}
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Anonymous 1999 {published data only}
    1. Anonymous. Incidence of measles vaccine-associated adverse events is low. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 1999;14(11):13-6.
Aozasa 1982 {published data only}
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Asaria 2008 {published data only}
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Autret 1996 {published data only}
    1. Autret E, Jonville-Bera AP, Galy-Eyraud C, Hessel L. Thrombocytopenic purpura after isolated or combined vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella [Purpura thrombopenique apres vaccination isolee ou associee contre la rougeole, la rubeole et les oreillons]. Therapie 1996;51(6):677-80. - PubMed
Bakker 2001 {published data only}
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Balraj 1995 {published data only}
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Bawankule 2017 {published data only}
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Beck 1991 {published data only}
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Bedford 2010 {published data only}
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Beeler 1996 {published data only}
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Benjamin 1991 {published data only}
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Berger 1988a {published data only}
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Berger 1988b {published data only}
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Berlin 1983 {published data only}
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Bernsen 2008 {published data only}
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Bhargava 1995 {published data only}
    1. Bhargava I, Chhaparwal BC, Phadke MA, Irani SF, Chhaparwal D, Dhorje S, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of indigenously produced MMR vaccine. Indian Pediatrics 1995;32(9):983-8. - PubMed
Bonanni 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bonanni P, Bechini A, Pesavento G, Boccalini S, Tiscione E, Graziani G, et al. Implementation of the plan for elimination of measles and congenital rubella infection in Tuscany: evidence of progress towards phase II of measles control. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene 2005;46(3):111-7.
Borchardt 2007 {published data only}
    1. Borchardt SM, Rao P, Dworkin MS. Is the severity of mumps related to the number of doses of mumps-containing vaccine? Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007;45(7):939-40. - PubMed
Borgono 1973 {published data only}
    1. Borgono JM, Greiber R, Solari G, Concha F, Carrillo B, Hilleman MR. A field trial of combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Satisfactory immunization with 188 children in Chile. Clinical Pediatrics 1973;12(3):170-2. - PubMed
Boxall 2008 {published data only}
    1. Boxall N, Kubinyiova M, Prikazsky V, Benes C, Castkova J. An increase in the number of mumps cases in the Czech Republic, 2005-2006. Euro Surveillance 2008;13(16):18842. - PubMed
Brockhoff 2010 {published data only}
    1. Brockhoff HJ, Mollema L, Sonder GJ, Postema CA, Binnendijk RS, Kohl RH, et al. Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated student population, The Netherlands, 2004. Vaccine 2010;28(17):2932-6. - PubMed
Brond 2017 {published data only}
    1. Brond M, Martins C, Byberg S, Benn C, Whittle H, Garly M, et al. Randomized trial of 2 versus 1 dose of measles vaccine: effect on hospital admission of children after 9 months of age. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society 2017;7(3):226-33. - PubMed
Bruno 1997 {published data only}
    1. Bruno G, Grandolfo M, Lucenti P, Novello F, Ridolfi B, Businco L. Measles vaccine in egg allergic children: poor immunogenicity of the Edmoston-Zagreb strain. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology 1997;8(1):17-20. - PubMed
Bulik 2018 {published data only}
    1. Bulik NB, Bucsa C, Farcas A, Oniga O. Hexavalent vaccine in Europe: safety data from the randomized clinical trials. Farmacia 2018;66(5):747-57.
Buntain 1976 {published data only}
    1. Buntain WL, Missall SR. Letter: Local subcutaneous atrophy following measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1976;130(3):335. - PubMed
Buynak 1969 {published data only}
    1. Buynak EB, Weibel RE, Whitman JE Jr, Stokes J Jr, Hilleman MR. Combined live measles, mumps, and rubella virus vaccines. JAMA 1969;207(12):2259-62. - PubMed
Byberg 2017 {published data only}
    1. Byberg S, Thysen SM, Rodrigues A, Martins C, Cabral C, Careme M, et al. A general measles vaccination campaign in urban Guinea-Bissau: comparing child mortality among participants and non-participants. Vaccine 2017;35(1):33-9. - PubMed
Cao 2018 {published data only}
    1. Cao Z, Chen D, Yang Y, Zhang D. Effectiveness of post-exposure prophylaxis during varicella outbreaks among primary and middle school students in Shanghai: an analysis of three-year surveillance data. Vaccine 2018;36(38):5754-9. - PubMed
Cardenosa 2006 {published data only}
    1. Cardenosa N, Dominguez A, Camps N, Martinez A, Torner N, Navas E, et al. Non-preventable mumps outbreaks in schoolchildren in Catalonia. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2006;38(8):671-4. - PubMed
Cashman 2018 {published data only}
    1. Cashman P, Moberley S, Durrheim D. MMRV vaccine safety. Vaccine (in press). - PubMed
Chang 1982 {published data only}
    1. Chang HH. Immunisation problems in measles, rubella and mumps. Journal of the Korean Medical Association 1982;25(9):801-6.
Chang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chang C, Ma H, Liang W, Hu P, Mo X, An Z, et al. Rubella outbreak and outbreak management in a school setting, China, 2014. Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics 2017;13(4):772-5. - PMC - PubMed
Chen 1991 {published data only}
    1. Chen RT, Moses JM, Markowitz LE, Orenstein WA. Adverse events following measles-mumps-rubella and measles vaccinations in college students. Vaccine 1991;9(5):297-9. - PubMed
Chen 2000 {published data only}
    1. Chen RT, Mootrey G, DeStefano F. Safety of routine childhood vaccinations. An epidemiological review. Paediatric Drugs 2000;2(4):273-90. - PubMed
Cherian 2010 {published data only}
    1. Cherian MP, Al-Kanani KA, Al Qahtani SS, Yesurathinam H, Mathew AA, Thomas VS, et al. The rising incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus and the role of environmental factors - three decade experience in a primary care health center in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 2010;23(7):685-95. - PubMed
Chiodo 1992 {published data only}
    1. Chiodo F. Effectiveness and security of the trivalent vaccine against measles, parotitis and rubella (MPR). Igiene Moderna 1992;97(Suppl 1):77-86.
Cinquetti 1994 {published data only}
    1. Cinquetti S, Tonetto L, Portello A, Chermaz E, Sernagiotto F, De Noni R, et al. Adverse reactions following vaccination with two different types of measles mumps-rubella vaccine [Reazioni indesiderate a due diverse preparazioni di vaccine 'triplo' antimorbillo-parotite-rosolia]. Igiene Moderna 1994;101(6):793-800.
Contardi 1989 {published data only}
    1. Contardi I. Clinical and immunologic valuation of a new triple measles, mumps and rubella vaccine. Giornale di Malattie Infettive e Parassitarie 1989;41(11):1106-7.
Contardi 1992 {published data only}
    1. Contardi I, Lusardi C, Cattaneo GG. A comparative study of 3 different types of trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica 1992;14(4):421-4. - PubMed
Coplan 2000 {published data only}
    1. Coplan P, Chiacchierini L, Nikas A, Shea J, Baumritter A, Beutner K, et al. Development and evaluation of a standardized questionnaire for identifying adverse events in vaccine clinical trials. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2000;9(6):457-71. - PubMed
Coronado 2006 {published data only}
    1. Coronado F, Musa N, El Tayeb ESA, Haithami S, Dabbagh A, Mahoney F, et al. Retrospective measles outbreak investigation: Sudan, 2004. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 2006;52(5):329-34. - PubMed
Cox 2009 {published data only}
    1. Cox AR, McDowell S. A response to the article on the association between paracetamol/acetaminophen use and autism by Stephen T. Schultz. Autism: the International Journal of Research and Practice 2009;13(1):123-4; author reply 124-5. - PubMed
Curtale 2010 {published data only}
    1. Curtale F, Perrelli F, Mantovani J, Atti MC, Filia A, Nicoletti L, et al. Description of two measles outbreaks in the Lazio Region, Italy (2006-2007). Importance of pockets of low vaccine coverage in sustaining the infection. BMC Infectious Diseases 2010;10:62. - PMC - PubMed
Czajka 2009 {published data only}
    1. Czajka H, Schuster V, Zepp F, Esposito S, Douha M, Willems P. A combined measles, mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine (Priorix-Tetra): immunogenicity and safety profile. Vaccine 2009;27(47):6504-11. - PubMed
D'Souza 2000 {published data only}
    1. D'Souza RM, Campbell-Lloyd S, Isaacs D, Gold M, Burgess M, Turnbull F, et al. Adverse events following immunisation associated with the 1998 Australian Measles Control Campaign. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2000;24(2):27-33. - PubMed
Dales 2001 {published data only}
    1. Dales L, Hammer SJ, Smith NJ. Time trends in autism and in MMR immunization coverage in California. JAMA 2001;285(9):1183-5. - PubMed
Dallaire 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dallaire F, De Serres G, Tremblay FW, Markowski F, Tipples G. Long-lasting measles outbreak affecting several unrelated networks of unvaccinated persons. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2009;200(10):1602-5. - PubMed
Dankova 1995 {published data only}
    1. Dankova E, Domorazkova E, Skovrankova J, Vodickova M, Honzonova S, Stehlikova J, et al. Immune reactivity and risk of an undesirable response after vaccination. Ceskoslovenská Pediatrie 1995;50(9):515-9.
Dashefsky 1990 {published data only}
    1. Dashefsky B, Wald E, Guerra N, Byers C. Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of concurrent administration of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (meningococcal protein conjugate) with either measles-mumps-rubella vaccine or diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and oral poliovirus vaccines in 14- to 23-month-old infants. Pediatrics 1990;85(4 Pt 2):682-9. - PubMed
Davis 1997 {published data only}
    1. Davis RL, Marcuse E, Black S, Shinefield H, Givens B, Schwalbe J, et al. MMR2 immunization at 4 to 5 years and 10 to 12 years of age: a comparison of adverse clinical events after immunization in the Vaccine Safety Datalink project. The Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Pediatrics 1997;100(5):767-71. - PubMed
Dayan 2008a {published data only}
    1. Dayan GH, Quinlisk MP, Parker AA, Barskey AE, Harris ML, Schwartz JM, et al. Recent resurgence of mumps in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;358(15):1580-9. - PubMed
Deforest 1986 {published data only}
    1. Deforest A, Long SS, Lischner HW. Safety and efficacy of simultaneous administration of measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) with booster doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (TP) and trivalent oral poliovirus (OPV) vaccines. Developments in Biological Standardization 1986;65:111.
Deforest 1988 {published data only}
    1. Deforest A, Long SS, Lischner HW, Girone JA, Clark JL, Srinivasan R, et al. Simultaneous administration of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine with booster doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and poliovirus vaccines. Pediatrics 1988;81(2):237-46. - PubMed
De Laval 2010 {published data only}
    1. De Laval F, Haus R, Spiegel A, Simon F. Lower long-term immunogenicity of mumps component after MMR vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2010;29(11):1062-3. - PubMed
DeStefano 2000 {published data only}
    1. DeStefano F, Chen RT. Autism and measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine: no epidemiological evidence for a causal association. Journal of Pediatrics 2000;136(1):125-6. - PubMed
Diaz‐Ortega 2010 {published data only}
    1. Diaz-Ortega JL, Bennett JV, Castaneda D, Vieyra JR, Valdespino-Gomez JL, Castro JF. Successful seroresponses to measles and rubella following aerosolized Triviraten vaccine, but poor response to aerosolized mumps (Rubini) component: comparisons with injected MMR. Vaccine 2010;28(3):692-8. - PubMed
Dobrosavljevic 1999 {published data only}
    1. Dobrosavljevic D, Milinkovic MV, Nikolic MM. Toxic epidermal necrolysis following morbilli-parotitis-rubella vaccination. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 1999;13(1):59-61. - PubMed
Dominguez 2008 {published data only}
    1. Dominguez A, Torner N, Barrabeig I, Rovira A, Rius C, Cayla J, et al. Large outbreak of measles in a community with high vaccination coverage: implications for the vaccination schedule. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2008;47(9):1143-9. - PubMed
Doshi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Doshi S, Khetsuriani N, Zakhashvili K, Baidoshvili L, Imnadze P, Uzicanin A. Ongoing measles and rubella transmission in Georgia, 2004-05: implications for the national and regional elimination efforts. International Journal of Epidemiology 2009;38(1):182-91. - PubMed
Dos Santos 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dos Santos BA, Ranieri TS, Bercini M, Schermann MT, Famer S, Mohrdieck R, et al. An evaluation of the adverse reaction potential of three measles-mumps-rubella combination vaccines. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 2002;12(4):240-6. - PubMed
Duderstadt 2012 {published data only}
    1. Duderstadt SK, Rose CE Jr, Real TM, Sabatier JF, Stewart B, Ma G, et al. Vaccination and risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in active component U.S. Military, 2002-2008. Vaccine 2012;30(4):813-9. - PubMed
Dyer 2010a {published data only}
    1. Dyer C. Wakefield was dishonest and irresponsible over MMR research, says GMC. BMJ 2010;340:c593. - PubMed
Dyer 2010b {published data only}
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Elphinstone 2000 {published data only}
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Englund 1989 {published data only}
    1. Englund JA, Suarez CS, Kelly J, Tate DY, Balfour HH Jr. Placebo-controlled trial of varicella vaccine given with or after measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Journal of Pediatrics 1989;114(1):37-44. - PubMed
Fitzpatrick 2007 {published data only}
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Fletcher 2001 {published data only}
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Garrido Lestache 1992 {published data only}
    1. Garrido Lestache A, Martin Hernandez D. Triple virus vaccination: study of its efficacy and safety. Pediatrika 1992;12:42-7.
Geier 2004 {published data only}
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Gerber 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gerber JS, Offit PA. Vaccines and autism: a tale of shifting hypotheses. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2009;48(4):456-61. - PMC - PubMed
Goodson 2010 {published data only}
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Griffin 1991 {published data only}
    1. Griffin MR, Ray WA, Mortimer EA, Fenichel GM, Schaffner W. Risk of seizures after measles-mumps-rubella immunization. Pediatrics 1991;88(5):881-5. - PubMed
Grilli 1992 {published data only}
    1. Grilli G, Cimini D, Vacca F. Vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella: incidence of side effects using different vaccine strains. Giornale di Malattie Infettive e Parassitarie 1992;44(1):38-42.
Hasrina 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hasrina H, Senthilvasan AL, Jayaraman J. A mumps outbreak in a private school in Shah Alam, July 2016. Medical Journal of Malaysia 2017;72:47.
Hilton 2009 {published data only}
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Hindiyeh 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hindiyeh MY, Aboudy Y, Wohoush M, Shulman LM, Ram D, Levin T, et al. Characterization of large mumps outbreak among vaccinated Palestinian refugees. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2009;47(3):560-5. - PMC - PubMed
Höhle 2011 {published data only}
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Hooker 2014 {published data only}
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Hornig 2008 {published data only}
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Hu 2007 {published data only}
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Hua 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hua W, Izurieta HS, Slade B, Belay ED, Haber P, Tiernan R, et al. Kawasaki disease after vaccination: reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system 1990-2007. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2009;28(11):943-7. - PubMed
Huang 1990 {published data only}
    1. Huang LM, Lee CY, Hsu CY, Huang SS, Kao CL, Wu FF. Effect of monovalent measles and trivalent measles-mumps-rubella vaccines at various ages and concurrent administration with hepatitis B vaccine. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 1990;9(7):461-5. - PubMed
Huang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Huang AS, Cortese MM, Curns AT, Bitsko RH, Jordan HT, Soud F, et al. Risk factors for mumps at a university with a large mumps outbreak. Public Health Reports 2009;124(3):419-26. - PMC - PubMed
Ipp 2003 {published data only}
    1. Ipp M, Cohen E, Goldbach M, McArthur C. Pain response to measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination at 12 months of age: a randomised clinical trial. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2003;39(6):A3.
Jiang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jiang Y, Pang H. Surveillance of adverse events following immunization of MMR in Changning District of Shanghai. Zhongguo Ji Hua Mian Yi 2009;15(6):496-7, 526. - PubMed
Jones 1991 {published data only}
    1. Jones AG, White JM, Begg NT. The impact of MMR vaccine on mumps infection in England and Wales. CDR (London, England: Review) 1991;1(9):R93-6. - PubMed
Just 1985 {published data only}
    1. Just M, Berger R, Gluck R, Wegmann A. Field trial with a new human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV) against measles, mumps and rubella [Feldversuch mit einer neuartigen Humandiploidzellvakzine (HDCV) gegen Masern, Mumps und Roteln]. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 1985;115(48):1727-30. - PubMed
Just 1986 {published data only}
    1. Just M, Berger R, Just V. Evaluation of a combined measles-mumps-rubella-chickenpox vaccine. Developments in Biological Standardization 1986;65:85-8. - PubMed
Just 1987a {published data only}
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Just 1987b {published data only}
    1. Just M, Berger R. Trivalent vaccines. A comparative study of the immunogenicity of two trivalent mumps-measles-rubella vaccines given with or without diphtheria-tetanus vaccine [Trivalente Impfstoffe. Vergleichende Studie zweier Mumps-Masern-Roeteln-Vakzinen in Kombination mit Diphtherie-Tetanus-Impfstoff]. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1987;129(23):446-7.
Kaaber 1990 {published data only}
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Karim 2002 {published data only}
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Kaye 2001 {published data only}
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Kazarian 1978 {published data only}
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Khalil 2005 {published data only}
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Kiepiela 1991 {published data only}
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Kulkarni 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kulkarni PS, Phadke MA, Jadhav SS, Kapre SV. No definitive evidence for L-Zagreb mumps strain associated aseptic meningitis: a review with special reference to the da Cunha study. Vaccine 2005;23(46-7):5286-8. - PubMed
Kurtzke 1997 {published data only}
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Kutty 2014 {published data only}
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Latasa 2019 {published data only}
    1. Latasa P, Ordobís M, Garrido-Estepa M, Sanz JC, Gil de Miguel A, Garc¡a-Comas L. Impact of the MMR vaccine on the incidence of mumps in the Community of Madrid and evaluation of the effectiveness of the Jeryl-Lynn strain. Years 1998-2016 [Impacto de la vacuna triple virica sobre la incidencia de la parotiditis en la Comunidad de Madrid y evaluacion de la efectividad de la cepa Jeryl-Lynn entre 1998 y 2016]. Medicina Clinica (Madrid) 2019 Mar 8 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2019.01.012] - DOI - PubMed
Lee 1998 {published data only}
    1. Lee JW, Melgaard B, Clements CJ, Kane M, Mulholland EK, Olive JM. Autism, inflammatory bowel disease, and MMR vaccine. Lancet 1998;351(9106):905; author reply 908-9. - PubMed
Lee 2007 {published data only}
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Lucena 2002 {published data only}
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Maekawa 1991 {published data only}
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Maguire 1991 {published data only}
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Majwala 2018 {published data only}
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Mantadakis 2010 {published data only}
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Marshall 2016 {published data only}
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Meissner 2004 {published data only}
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Mommers 2004 {published data only}
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Mupere 2006 {published data only}
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Narwaney 2017 {published data only}
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Ntshoe 2013 {published data only}
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O'Brien 1998 {published data only}
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O'Connor 2019 {published data only}
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Pekmezovic 2004 {published data only}
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Peltola 2007 {published data only}
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Petridou 1997 {published data only}
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Rajantie 2007 {published data only}
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Schaffzin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Schaffzin JK, Pollock L, Schulte C, Henry K, Dayan G, Blog D, et al. Effectiveness of previous mumps vaccination during a summer camp outbreak. Pediatrics 2007;120(4):e862-8. - PubMed
Schettini 1989 {published data only}
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Schettini 1990 {published data only}
    1. Schettini F, Manzionna MM, De Mattia D, Amendola F, Di Bitonto G. The clinico-immunological evaluation of a bivalent vaccine against measles and rubella [Valutazione clinico-immunologica di un vaccino bivalente contro morbillo e rosolia]. Minerva Pediatrica 1990;42(12):531-6. - PubMed
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    1. Shah M, Quinlisk P, Weigel A, Riley J, James L, Patterson J, et al. Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated university-affiliated setting before and after a measles-mumps-rubella vaccination campaign, Iowa, July 2015 to May 2016. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2018;66(1):81-8. - PMC - PubMed
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Cardemil 2017 {published data only}
    1. Cardemil CV, Dahl RM, James L, Wannemuehler K, Gary HE, Shah M, et al. Effectiveness of a third dose of MMR vaccine for mumps outbreak control. New England Journal of Medicine 2017;377(10):947-56. - PMC - PubMed
Cohen 2007 {published data only}
    1. Cohen C, White JM, Savage EJ, Glynn JR, Choi Y, Andrews N, et al. Vaccine effectiveness estimates, 2004-2005 mumps outbreak, England. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2007;13(1):12-7. - PMC - PubMed
Deeks 2011 {published data only}
    1. Deeks SL, Lim GH, Simpson MA, Gagné L, Gubbay J, Kristjanson E, et al. An assessment of mumps vaccine effectiveness by dose during an outbreak in Canada. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal 2011;183(9):1014-20. - PMC - PubMed
Dominguez 2010 {published data only}
    1. Dominguez A, Torner N, Castilla J, Batalla J, Godoy P, Guevara M, et al. Mumps vaccine effectiveness in highly immunized populations. Vaccine 2010;28(20):3567-70. - PubMed
Fantinato 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fantinato FFST, Vargas A, Carvalho SMD, Domingues CMAS, Barreto G, Fialho AS, et al. Anaphylaxis related to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, 2014 and 2015 [Anafilaxia relacionada à vacina sarampo, caxumba e rubéola, Santa Catarina, Brasil, 2014 e 2015]. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 2018;34(3):e00043617. - PubMed
Fiebelkorn 2013 {published data only}
    1. Fiebelkorn AP, Lawler J, Curns AT, Brandeburg C, Wallace GS. Mumps postexposure prophylaxis with a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, Orange County, New York, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2013;19(9):1411-7. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Freitas 2013 {published data only}
    1. Freitas DR, Moura E, Araújo G, Cardoso A, Scheidt P, Ferraz E, et al. Investigation of an outbreak of hypersensitivity-type reactions during the 2004 national measles-mumps-rubella vaccination campaign in Brazil. Vaccine 2013;31(6):950-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.095] - DOI - PubMed
Marin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Marin M, Quinlisk P, Shimabukuro T, Sawhney C, Brown C, Lebaron CW. Mumps vaccination coverage and vaccine effectiveness in a large outbreak among college students - Iowa, 2006. Vaccine 2008;26(29-30):3601-7. - PubMed
Orlikova 2016 {published data only}
    1. Orlikova H, Maly M, Lexova P, Sebestova H, Limberkova R, Jurzykowska L, et al. Protective effect of vaccination against mumps complications, Czech Republic, 2007-2012. BMC Public Health 2016;16:293. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-016-2958-4] [PMID: ] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Prescott 2018 {published data only}
    1. Prescott V, Grainger JD. Comparison of vaccination associated and non-vaccination associated paediatric immune thrombocytopenia. British Journal of Haematology 2018;181(Suppl 1, 5–211):114-5.
Sheppeard 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sheppeard V, Forssman B, Ferson MJ, Moreira C, Campbell-Lloyd S, Dwyer DE, et al. Vaccine failures and vaccine effectiveness in children during measles outbreaks in New South Wales, March-May 2006. Communicable Diseases Intelligence 2009;33(1):21-6. - PubMed
Sorup 2019 {published data only}
    1. Sorup S, Jensen AKG, Aaby P, Benn CS. Revaccination with measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and infectious disease morbidity: a Danish register-based cohort study. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2019;68(2):282-90. - PubMed

Additional references

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