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. 2021 Nov 24;20(1):248.
doi: 10.1186/s12939-021-01582-4.

A systematic review of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19

Ahmad Khanijahani  1 , Shabnam Iezadi  2 , Kamal Gholipour  3 , Saber Azami-Aghdash  4 , Deniz Naghibi  5
Affiliations

A systematic review of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in COVID-19

Ahmad Khanijahani et al. Int J Equity Health. .

Abstract

Background: Preliminary evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic shows the presence of health disparities, especially in terms of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence on the association of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status (SES) with health outcomes and access to healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: We retrieved published evidence from late December 2019 through March 1, 2021. The target population was the population of the countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. The exposures were defined as belonging to racial/ethnic minority groups and/or low SES. The primary outcomes of interest include (1) death from COVID-19, (2) COVID-19 incidence/infection, (3) COVID-19 hospitalization, (4) ICU admission, (5) need for mechanical ventilation, (6) confirmed diagnosis, and (7) access to testing. We systematically synthesized the findings from different studies and provided a narrative explanation of the results.

Results: After removing the duplicate results and screening for relevant titles and abstracts, 77 studies were selected for full-text review. Finally, 52 studies were included in the review. The majority of the studies were from the United States (37 studies). Despite the significant incongruity among the studies, most of them showed that racial/ethnic minority groups had higher risks of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization, confirmed diagnosis, and death. Additionally, most of the studies cited factors such as low level of education, poverty, poor housing conditions, low household income, speaking in a language other than the national language in a country, and living in overcrowded households as risk factors of COVID-19 incidence/infection, death, and confirmed diagnosis. However, findings in terms of the association of lack of health insurance coverage and unemployment with the outcome measures as well as the association of requiring mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, and access to testing for COVID-19 with race/ethnicity were limited and inconsistent.

Conclusion: It is evident that racial/ethnic minority groups and those from low SES are more vulnerable to COVID-19; therefore, public health policymakers, practitioners, and clinicians should be aware of these inequalities and strive to narrow the gap by focusing on vulnerable populations. This systematic review also revealed a major incongruity in the definition of the racial/ethnic minority groups and SES among the studies.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42020190105.

Keywords: COVID-19; Disparities; Ethnicity; Race; Socioeconomic status; Vulnerable population.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Characteristics and definition of the exposures and types of the outcome measures
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Prisma diagram for study selection
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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