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. 2021 Nov 24;8(1):60.
doi: 10.1186/s40779-021-00354-z.

Global, regional, and national burden of kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers and their attributable risk factors, 1990-2019

Hao Zi #  1   2 , Shao-Hua He #  1   2   3 , Xie-Yuan Leng  2   4 , Xiao-Feng Xu  5   6 , Qiao Huang  2 , Hong Weng  1   2 , Cong Zhu  1   2 , Lu-Yao Li  2   7 , Jia-Min Gu  1   2 , Xu-Hui Li  2 , Dao-Jing Ming  2   7 , Xiao-Dong Li  7   8 , Shuai Yuan  9 , Xing-Huan Wang  10   11   12 , Da-Lin He  13 , Xian-Tao Zeng  14   15   16
Affiliations

Global, regional, and national burden of kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers and their attributable risk factors, 1990-2019

Hao Zi et al. Mil Med Res. .

Abstract

Background: The burden of kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers has changed in recent decades. This study aims to investigate the global and regional burden of, and attributable risk factors for genitourinary cancers during the past 30 years.

Methods: We extracted data of kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 database, including incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to assess the changes in age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR). The associations between cancers burden and socio-demographic index (SDI) were also analyzed.

Results: Compared with 1990, the global incident cases in 2019 were higher by 154.78%, 123.34%, and 169.11% for kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers, respectively. During the 30-year study period, there was a downward trend in ASMR and ASDR for bladder cancer (EAPC = - 0.68 and - 0.83, respectively) and prostate cancer (EAPC = - 0.75 and - 0.71, respectively), but an upward trend for kidney cancer (EAPC = 0.35 and 0.12, respectively). Regions and countries with higher SDI had higher incidence, mortality, and DALYs for all three types of cancers. The burden of bladder and prostate cancers was mainly distributed among older men, whereas the burden of kidney cancer increased among middle-aged men. Smoking related mortality and DALYs decreased, but high body mass index (BMI) and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG) related mortality and DALYs increased among kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers during the study period.

Conclusions: Kidney, bladder, and prostate cancers remain major global public health challenges, but with distinct trend for different disease entity across different regions and socioeconomic status. More proactive intervention strategies, at both the administrative and academic levels, based on the dynamic changes, are needed.

Keywords: Bladder cancer; Disability-adjusted life-years; Genitourinary cancer; Global Burden of Disease; Incidence; Kidney cancer; Mortality; Prostate cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
EAPC of ASIR for genitourinary cancers in global and 21 regions. a Kidney cancer. b Bladder cancer. c Prostate cancer. ASIR age-standardized incidence rate, EAPC estimated annual percentage change
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
ASIR of kidney cancer for 21 regions and 204 countries and territories by SDI. a 21 regions by SDI from 1990 to 2019. b 204 countries and territories by SDI in 2019. ASIR age-standardized incidence rate, SDI sociodemographic index
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Global incidence, mortality, and DALYs of kidney cancer by age and sex in 2019. DALYs disability-adjusted life-years
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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