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Review
. 2020 Oct 31:18:27-37.
doi: 10.1016/j.clinms.2020.10.004. eCollection 2020 Nov.

Analysis of urinary VOCs using mass spectrometric methods to diagnose cancer: A review

Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa  1 , Bruno Spinosa De Martinis  2
Affiliations
Review

Analysis of urinary VOCs using mass spectrometric methods to diagnose cancer: A review

Bruno Ruiz Brandão da Costa et al. Clin Mass Spectrom. .

Abstract

The development of non-invasive screening techniques for early cancer detection is one of the greatest scientific challenges of the 21st century. One promising emerging method is the analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are low molecular weight substances generated as final products of cellular metabolism and emitted through a variety of biological matrices, such as breath, blood, saliva and urine. Urine stands out for its non-invasive nature, availability in large volumes, and the high concentration of VOCs in the kidneys. This review provides an overview of the available data on urinary VOCs that have been investigated in cancer-focused clinical studies using mass spectrometric (MS) techniques. A literature search was conducted in ScienceDirect, Pubmed and Web of Science, using the keywords "Urinary VOCs", "VOCs biomarkers" and "Volatile cancer biomarkers" in combination with the term "Mass spectrometry". Only studies in English published between January 2011 and May 2020 were selected. The three most evaluated types of cancers in the reviewed studies were lung, breast and prostate, and the most frequently identified urinary VOC biomarkers were hexanal, dimethyl disulfide and phenol; with the latter seeming to be closely related to breast cancer. Additionally, the challenges of analyzing urinary VOCs using MS-based techniques and translation to clinical utility are discussed. The outcome of this review may provide valuable information to future studies regarding cancer urinary VOCs.

Keywords: Biomarkers; CAS, chemical abstracts service; CYP450, cytochrome P450; Cancer; FAIMS, high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry; GC, gas chromatography; HS, headspace; IMS, ion mobility spectrometry; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry or mass spectrometric; Mass Spectrometry; Metabolomics; NT, needle trap; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; PTR, proton transfer reaction; PTV, programed temperature vaporizer; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SBSE, stir bar sorptive extraction; SIFT, selected ion flow tube; SPME, solid phase microextraction; Urine; VOCs; VOCs, volatile organic compounds; eNose, electronic nose.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Number of published cancer studies using VOCs between January 2011 and May 2020 according to cancer type.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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