Effectiveness of Different Soft Acaricides against Honey Bee Ectoparasitic Mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae)

Abstract

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are essential for their products-honey, royal jelly, pollen, propolis and beeswax. They are also indispensable because they support ecosystems with their pollination services. However, the production and functions of honey bees are hindered by the arthropod pest Varroa destructor, which attacks bees through its feeding activities. Efforts to control varroa mites have been made through the development of various synthetic pesticide groups, but have had limited success because the mites developed resistance and some of these pesticides are harmful to bees. Branded pesticides are rarely used in Pakistan, as beekeepers utilize acaricides from unknown sources. There is a need to create awareness of available naturally occurring acaricides that may serve as an alternative to synthetic acaricides. Although some naturally occurring compounds are considered toxic to the environment, the soft acaricides oxalic acid, thymol, and formic acid 65% are usually safe for honey bee colonies and beekeepers, when handled appropriately. The current study investigated the effectiveness of formic acid (10, 15, and 20 mL/hive), oxalic acid (4.2, 3.2, and 2.1%/hive), and thymol (6, 4, and 2 g/hive) in controlling mite infestation. The results indicated that all treatments significantly reduced the mite population (p < 0.05). The average efficacies of oxalic acid at 3.2% (94.84% ± 0.34) and 4.2% (92.68% ± 0.37) were significantly higher than those of the other treatments. The lowest efficacy was recorded in formic acid 65% at 10 mL (54.13%). Overall, the results indicated that soft acaricides-such as oxalic acid at 3.2% and 4.2% concentrations-are very effective at controlling varroa mites and can be used in broodless conditions without side effects.

Keywords: Varroa destructor; formic acid; honey bee; oxalic acid; thymol.

Figure 1

Efficacy of different treatment groups. Bars with the same letters are not significantly different (p > 0.05); the error bars represent the confidence interval (95%).

Figure 2

Efficacy of treatments against Varroa destructor. Treatments with the same letters are not significantly different; error bars signify confidence intervals (95%).

Figure 3

Effect of soft acaricides concentration/quantity on honey yield. Treatments with the same letters are not significantly different; error bars signify confidence intervals (95%).