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Review
. 2021 Nov 18;19(11):645.
doi: 10.3390/md19110645.

Untapped Potential of Marine-Associated Cladosporium Species: An Overview on Secondary Metabolites, Biotechnological Relevance, and Biological Activities

Gamal A Mohamed  1 , Sabrin R M Ibrahim  2   3
Affiliations
Review

Untapped Potential of Marine-Associated Cladosporium Species: An Overview on Secondary Metabolites, Biotechnological Relevance, and Biological Activities

Gamal A Mohamed et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

The marine environment is an underexplored treasure that hosts huge biodiversity of microorganisms. Marine-derived fungi are a rich source of novel metabolites with unique structural features, bioactivities, and biotechnological applications. Marine-associated Cladosporium species have attracted considerable interest because of their ability to produce a wide array of metabolites, including alkaloids, macrolides, diketopiperazines, pyrones, tetralones, sterols, phenolics, terpenes, lactones, and tetramic acid derivatives that possess versatile bioactivities. Moreover, they produce diverse enzymes with biotechnological and industrial relevance. This review gives an overview on the Cladosporium species derived from marine habitats, including their metabolites and bioactivities, as well as the industrial and biotechnological potential of these species. In the current review, 286 compounds have been listed based on the reported data from 1998 until July 2021. Moreover, more than 175 references have been cited.

Keywords: Cladosporiaceae; Cladosporium; bioactivity; biotechnology; marine fungi; metabolite.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Tetramic acid derivatives 1–5.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Tetramic acid derivatives 6–9.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Tetramic acid derivatives 10–15.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Tetramic acid derivatives 16–24.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Tetramic acid derivatives 25–30.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Diketopiperazine derivatives 31–38.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Alkaloids 39–49.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Alkaloids 50–61.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Alkaloids 62–70.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Alkaloids 71–79.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Alkaloids 80–87.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Macrolides 88–101.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Macrolides 102–111.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Macrolides 112–121.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Butenolides and butanolides 122–127.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Seco-acids 128–141.
Figure 17
Figure 17
Tetralones (napthalenones) 142–153.
Figure 18
Figure 18
Tetralones (napthalenones) 154–160.
Figure 19
Figure 19
Perylenequinone 161–164.
Figure 20
Figure 20
Naphthalene derivatives 165–170.
Figure 21
Figure 21
Xanthones 171–177.
Figure 22
Figure 22
Tropolones 178–181.
Figure 23
Figure 23
Binaphthopyrones 182–185.
Figure 24
Figure 24
Benzopyrone derivatives 186–198.
Figure 25
Figure 25
Benzopyrone 199–210 and pyrone (211–214) derivatives.
Figure 26
Figure 26
Lactone (215–217), cyclohexene (218–222), and azaphilones (223–225) derivatives.
Figure 27
Figure 27
Phenolics 226–241.
Figure 28
Figure 28
Phenolics 242–248 and others 249–254.
Figure 29
Figure 29
Sterols 255–262.
Figure 30
Figure 30
Sterols 263–267 and terpenes 268–270.
Figure 31
Figure 31
Aldehydes (271–284) and alcohols (285 and 286).
Figure 32
Figure 32
Number of compounds separated from Cladosporium species isolated from various marine samples.
Figure 33
Figure 33
Number of compounds separated from marine-derived Cladosporium species.
Figure 34
Figure 34
Number of metabolites from each class of natural products.
Figure 35
Figure 35
Number of bioactive compounds in each tested activity.
Figure 36
Figure 36
Prominent activities of each class of metabolite from Cladosporium species.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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