Affiliations

• ¹ Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
• ² McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
• ³ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
• ⁴ Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Obstetrics and 'Experimental Obstetrics', Berlin, Germany.
• ⁵ Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• ⁶ Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
• ⁷ Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• ⁸ Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Obstetrics and 'Experimental Obstetrics', Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Micro-biology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
• ⁹ Department of Pediatrics, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Human and Translational Immunology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT, USA.
• ¹⁰ The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel.
• ¹¹ Maternal and Child Health Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• ¹² Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
• ¹³ Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.
• ¹⁴ Center for Research on Reproduction and Women's Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
• ¹⁵ Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
• ¹⁶ APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University College Cork - National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
• ¹⁷ Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Electronic address: sloboda@mcmaster.ca.