Epigenetic regulation of nervous system development and function

Abstract

Building a brain is complicated but maintaining one may be an even greater challenge. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone and chromatin modifications, and the actions of non-coding RNAs, play an indispensable role in both. They orchestrate long-term changes in gene expression that underpin establishment of cellular identity as well as the distinct functionality of each cell type, while providing the needed plasticity for the brain to respond to a changing environment. The rapid expansion of studies on these epigenetic mechanisms over the last few decades has brought an evolving definition of the term epigenetics, including in the specialized context of the nervous system. The goal of this special issue is thus not only to bring a greater understanding of the myriad ways in which epigenetic mechanisms regulate nervous system development and function, but also to provide a platform for discussion of what is and what is not epigenetics. To this end, the editors have compiled a collection of review articles highlighting some of the remarkable breadth of epigenetic mechanisms that act at all stages of neuronal development and function, spanning from neurodevelopment, through learning and memory, and neurodegeneration.

Keywords: Epigenetics; Gene X environment; Learning and memory; Neurodevelopment; Neuronal function.