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. 2021 Nov 16;11(11):1516.
doi: 10.3390/brainsci11111516.

Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Tycho J Dekkers  1   2   3   4   5 , Rianne Hornstra  1   2 , Barbara J van den Hoofdakker  1   2   6 , Suzanne R C de Jong  7 , Jessica V Schaaf  4 , Guy Bosmans  8 , Saskia van der Oord  8   9
Affiliations

Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Tycho J Dekkers et al. Brain Sci. .

Abstract

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children is associated with several adverse family characteristics, such as higher parenting stress, more conflicted parent-child relationships, lower parental competence, and higher levels of parental psychopathology. Hence, children with ADHD more often grow up under suboptimal circumstances, which may impact the development of their attachment representations. Here, we investigated whether children with ADHD have more insecure and disorganized attachment representations than their typically developing peers, and which factors could explain this association. We included 104 children between 4 and 11 years old, 74 with ADHD (without Conduct Disorder) and 30 typically developing control children. Children completed a state-of-the-art story stem task to assess their attachment representation, and we measured parents' expressed emotion (as an index of parent-child relationship quality), parents' perceived sense of competence, parental education levels, and parent-rated ODD symptoms of the child. We found that, after controlling for multiple comparisons, children with ADHD had less secure and more ambivalent and disorganized attachment representations relative to their typically developing peers. These group differences were independent of comorbid ODD and parental education levels. There were no group differences on avoidant attachment representations. Explorative analyses within the ADHD group showed that attachment representations were not related to parent-child relationship quality, perceived parenting competence, parental education levels, and comorbid ODD symptoms. We conclude that children with ADHD disproportionately often have attachment problems. Although this conclusion is important, treatment implications of this co-occurrence are yet unclear as research on ADHD and attachment is still in its infancy.

Keywords: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); attachment; children; parenting; parent–child relationship; story stem.

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Conflict of interest statement

Dr. van den Hoofdakker has received royalties as one of the editors of “Sociaal Onhandig” (published by Van Gorcum), a Dutch book for parents that can be used in parent training. She has been involved in the development and evaluation of several parent and teacher training programs, without financial interests; she has been a member of Dutch ADHD guideline and practice standard groups. Dr. van der Oord has co-developed a planning-focused and solution-focused treatment, and other behavioral treatments, but has no financial interest in any of these. She has received research grants from ZonMw (The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development) and the FWO (The Flemish Organization for Scientific Research); she was an advisor of the Dutch ADHD guideline groups and is a member of a working group on ADHD of the health counsel of Belgium. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results. The other authors report no potential conflict of interest.

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