Cell-to-Cell Interactions Mediating Functional Recovery after Stroke

Abstract

Ischemic damage in brain tissue triggers a cascade of molecular and structural plastic changes, thus influencing a wide range of cell-to-cell interactions. Understanding and manipulating this scenario of intercellular connections is the Holy Grail for post-stroke neurorehabilitation. Here, we discuss the main findings in the literature related to post-stroke alterations in cell-to-cell interactions, which may be either detrimental or supportive for functional recovery. We consider both neural and non-neural cells, starting from astrocytes and reactive astrogliosis and moving to the roles of the oligodendrocytes in the support of vulnerable neurons and sprouting inhibition. We discuss the controversial role of microglia in neural inflammation after injury and we conclude with the description of post-stroke alterations in pyramidal and GABAergic cells interactions. For all of these sections, we review not only the spontaneous evolution in cellular interactions after ischemic injury, but also the experimental strategies which have targeted these interactions and that are inspiring novel therapeutic strategies for clinical application.

Keywords: astrocytes; interneurons; microglia; oligodendrocytes; stroke.

Figure 1

Cell-to-cell interactions after cerebral ischemia. Astrocytes, Micoglia, Oligodendrocytes, Interneurons and Neurovascular Unit are deeply involved in post-stroke plasticity, neuroprotection and brain repair. Abbreviations: blood brain barrier (BBB); brain derivered neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), pericytes (PCs), neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs), platelet derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), myelin associated inhibitors (MAIs), astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle (ANLS), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), Tumor Necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein ligand (GITRL).