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. 2021 Nov 15;14(22):6902.
doi: 10.3390/ma14226902.

Co-Existence of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Manganese Oxide Nanorods as Decoration of Hollow Carbon Spheres for Boosting Electrochemical Performance of Li-Ion Battery

Karolina Wenelska  1 , Martyna Trukawka  1 , Wojciech Kukulka  1 , Xuecheng Chen  1 , Ewa Mijowska  1
Affiliations

Co-Existence of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Manganese Oxide Nanorods as Decoration of Hollow Carbon Spheres for Boosting Electrochemical Performance of Li-Ion Battery

Karolina Wenelska et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

Here, we report that mesoporous hollow carbon spheres (HCS) can be simultaneously functionalized: (i) endohedrally by iron oxide nanoparticle and (ii) egzohedrally by manganese oxide nanorods (FexOy/MnO2/HCS). Detailed analysis reveals a high degree of graphitization of HCS structures. The mesoporous nature of carbon is further confirmed by N2 sorption/desorption and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The fabricated molecular heterostructure was tested as the anode material of a lithium-ion battery (LIB). For both metal oxides under study, their mixture stored in HCS yielded a significant increase in electrochemical performance. Its electrochemical response was compared to the HCS decorated with a single component of the respective metal oxide applied as a LIB electrode. The discharge capacity of FexOy/MnO2/HCS is 1091 mAhg-1 at 5 Ag-1, and the corresponding coulombic efficiency (CE) is as high as 98%. Therefore, the addition of MnO2 in the form of nanorods allows for boosting the nanocomposite electrochemical performance with respect to the spherical nanoparticles due to better reversible capacity and cycling performance. Thus, the structure has great potential application in the LIB field.

Keywords: battery; carbon spheres; metal oxide nanoparticles.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Scheme presentation of FexOy/MnO2/HCS synthesis.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Transmission Electron Microscopy (A) images of SiO2, (B) SiO2@mSiO2, (C) hollow carbon spheres, (D) FexOy/MnO2/HCS and (E) the lab-scale lithium cell prototype.
Figure 2
Figure 2
High resolution TEM images of (A) MnO2 and (B) FexOy.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope image and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (HAADF-STEM-EDS) mapping images of FexOy/MnO2/HCS.
Figure 4
Figure 4
X-ray diffraction patterns of HCS, FexOy/HCS, MnO2/HCS and the hybrid material of FexOy/MnO2/HCS.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(A) N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and (B) pore size distribution of HCS and FexOy/MnO2/HCS.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(A) Thermogravimetric analysis profiles, and (B) Raman spectra of HCS and FexOy/MnO2/HCS.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(A) cyclic voltammetry curves performed over a potential window from 0.05 to 3 V at a scan rate from 0.5 mVs–1, (B) galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles at a current density of 50 mAg−1 in the voltage range of 0.05–3.0 V, (C) voltage–capacity curves, (D) gravimetric specific capacities vs. cycle number and (E) Coulombic efficiency of FexOy/MnO2/HCS.
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