Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Nov 9;26(22):6768.
doi: 10.3390/molecules26226768.

Updates on Dengue Vaccine and Antiviral: Where Are We Heading?

Harun Norshidah  1   2 , Ramachandran Vignesh  3 , Ngit Shin Lai  1
Affiliations
Review

Updates on Dengue Vaccine and Antiviral: Where Are We Heading?

Harun Norshidah et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Approximately 100-400 million people from more than 100 countries in the tropical and subtropical world are affected by dengue infections. Recent scientific breakthroughs have brought new insights into novel strategies for the production of dengue antivirals and vaccines. The search for specific dengue inhibitors is expanding, and the mechanisms for evaluating the efficacy of novel drugs are currently established, allowing for expedited translation into human trials. Furthermore, in the aftermath of the only FDA-approved vaccine, Dengvaxia, a safer and more effective dengue vaccine candidate is making its way through the clinical trials. Until an effective antiviral therapy and licensed vaccine are available, disease monitoring and vector population control will be the mainstays of dengue prevention. In this article, we highlighted recent advances made in the perspectives of efforts made recently, in dengue vaccine development and dengue antiviral drug.

Keywords: NS2B/NS3pro; antiviral; dengue virus; drug discovery; vaccine.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of DENV serotypes and genotype global distribution in 2000–2014. (A) DENV serotypes distribution (B) DEN genotypes distribution for each serotype. Source: Yamashita et al., 2016 [12].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Dengue pathogenesis. Released viral particles may infect adjacent cells (mostly monocytes or dendritic cells (DCs)) or trigger local immune cells. A local inflammatory response to DENV in the skin induces the recruitment of vasculature-derived leukocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells and T cells, which enhance the death of virus-infected cells at the injection site. DENV is then expected to spread to draining lymph nodes through lymphatic channels, causing systemic infection. These localized inflammatory reactions occur several days before any symptoms appear. Adapted with permission from ref. [7]. Copyright 2013, St. John, A. et al.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Types of dengue vaccines.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Structure and genome of the dengue virus. (A) Diagram of structural proteins dengue virus particles. M: membrane, E: envelope, C: capsid. (B) Diagram of the flavivirus genome organization and expression: structural (S) and nonstructural (NS) proteins. Dengue vaccine target antigens and antiviral target proteins discussed in this review are marked with blue and red arrow, respectively. (Figure modified from Nncube, N.B. et al., 2018).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Ahmed A.M., Mohammed A.T., Vu T.T., Khattab M., Doheim M.F., Mohamed A.A., Abdelhamed M.M., Shamandy B.E., Dawod M.T., Alesaei W.A., et al. Prevalence and burden of dengue infection in Europe: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. Med. Virol. 2020;30:e2093. doi: 10.1002/rmv.2093. - DOI - PubMed
    1. World Health Organization Dengue and Severe Dengue. Dengue Fact Sheet. [(accessed on 11 January 2021)]. Available online: http://www.searo.who.int/entity/vector_borne_tropical_diseases/data/data...
    1. EDCD (Epidemiology and Disease Control Division) Updates on Dengue Fever. [(accessed on 22 October 2021)]; Available online: http://edcd.gov.np/resources/download/dengue-update-as-of-1st-ashoj-2076.
    1. Hossain M.S., Siddiqee M.H., Siddiqi U.R., Raheem E., Akter R., Hu W. Dengue in a crowded megacity: Lessons learnt from 2019 outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2020;14:e0008349. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008349. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zhang J., Shu Y., Shan X., Li D., Ma D., Li T., Long S., Wang X., Pan Y., Chen J., et al. Co-circulation of three dengue virus serotypes led to a severe dengue outbreak in Xishuangbanna, a border area of China, Myanmar, and Laos, in 2019. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2021;107:15–17. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.04.010. - DOI - PubMed