Agronomic Biofortification of Cayenne Pepper Cultivars with Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and Chili Residue in a Chinese Solar Greenhouse

Abstract

Agronomic biofortification of horticultural crops using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) under crop residue incorporation systems remains largely underexploited. Bacillus subtilis (B1), Bacillus laterosporus (B2), or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (B3) was inoculated on soil containing chili residue, while chili residue without PGPR (NP) served as the control. Two hybrid long cayenne peppers, succeeding a leaf mustard crop were used in the intensive cultivation study. Net photosynthesis, leaf stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthetic water use efficiency, shoot and root biomass, and fruit yield were evaluated. Derivatives of folate, minerals, and nitrate contents in the pepper fruits were also assessed. B1 elicited higher net photosynthesis and photosynthetic water use efficiency, while B2 and B3 had higher transpiration rates than B1 and NP. B1 and B3 resulted in 27-36% increase in pepper fruit yield compared to other treatments, whereas B3 produced 24-27.5% and 21.9-27.2% higher 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and total folate contents, respectively, compared to B1 and NP. However, chili residue without PGPR inoculation improved fruit calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents than the inoculated treatments. 'Xin Xian La 8 F1' cultivar had higher yield and plant biomass, fruit potassium, total soluble solids, and total folate contents compared to 'La Gao F1.' Agronomic biofortification through the synergy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and chili residue produced better yield and folate contents with a trade-off in the mineral contents of the greenhouse-grown long cayenne pepper.

Keywords: HPLC-MS; folate derivatives; greenhouse vegetables; hidden hunger; nitrate; photosynthesis; residue incorporation; rhizobacteria.

Figure 1

Correlogram based on Pearson’s correlation analysis between the folate derivatives and mineral contents of fruits of (A) ‘Xin Xian La 8 F1’cultivar—V43 and (B) ‘La Gao F1’ cultivar—V6. Correlation coefficients on the lower and left side of the correlogram; ‘*’ and ’**’ indicate significance of p value at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. Tr: transpiration rate; Ci: intercellular CO₂; gs: stomatal conductance; Pn: net photosynthesis; WUE: photosynthetic water use efficiency; 5.MTHF: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate; 5.F.THF: 5-formyltetrahydrofolate; 10.F.FA: 10-formylfolic acid; THF: tetrahydrofolate; FA: folic acid; DHF: dihydrofolic acid; 5.10.CHTHF: 5, 10—Methylenetetrahydrofolate; MeFox: pyrazino—s—triazine derivative of 4α—hydroxy—5—methyltetrahydrofolate.