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. 2021 Dec;62(12):1328-1333.

Descriptive study of a method for identification of the pylorus by ultrasound in lactating Holstein cows

Clément Maincent  1 , Marie Babkine  1 , Hélène Lardé  1 , Sylvain Nichols  1
Affiliations

Descriptive study of a method for identification of the pylorus by ultrasound in lactating Holstein cows

Clément Maincent et al. Can Vet J. 2021 Dec.

Abstract
in English, French

The purpose of this study was to develop a method for identification of the pylorus, in lactating Holstein cows, based on ultrasound examination and the use of external anatomical landmarks such as the mammary vein (anulus venae subcutaneae abdominis). An ultrasound method based on successive identification of 4 internal anatomical landmarks was developed. The procedure was performed 157 times, on clinically healthy lactating Holstein cows, with a portable ultrasound machine equipped with a 3.5 MHz curvilinear probe. The pylorus was identified with a success rate of 98.7% (155 times out of 157 procedures). The average position of the pylorus was noted near the entrance of the right mammary vein, with a craniocaudal and dorsoventral dispersion. This ultrasound method of identifying the pylorus is simple, effective, and rapid.

Étude descriptive d’une méthode échographique d’identification du pylore chez la vache Holstein en lactation. Le but de cette étude était de développer une méthode permettant d’identifier le pylore, basée sur un examen échographique et l’utilisation de repères anatomiques externes telle la veine mammaire (anulus venae subcutaneae abdominis). Une méthode échographique s’appuyant sur l’identification successive de quatre repères anatomiques internes a été développée. La procédure a été réalisée à 157 reprises avec un échographe portable muni d’une sonde sectorielle de 3,5 MHz sur des vaches Holstein saines en lactation. Le pylore a été identifié avec un taux de succès de 98,7 % (155 fois sur 157 procédures). La position moyenne du pylore a été notée à proximité de l’entrée de la veine mammaire droite, avec une dispersion cranio-caudale et dorso-ventrale. Cette méthode échographique d’identification du pylore est simple, efficace et rapide.(Traduit par les auteurs).

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Initial location of the probe, and identification of the internal specific anatomical structures (SpAS) used as landmarks in the ultrasonographic method. 1 — Jejunum (SpAS1); 2 — Cranial edge of the supraomental recess (SpAS2); 3 — Right gastroepiploic vein (SpAS3); 4 — Cranial duodenum or pyloric antrum (SpAS4).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Ultrasonographic image from SpAS1 and SpAS2. Jejunum (Je) is located into the supraomental recess (white arrows). AW — Abdominal wall; Cr — Cranial; Je — Jejunum (SpAS1). White arrows mark the cranial edge of the supraomental recess (SpAS2).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Ultrasonographic image from SpAS3. AW — Abdominal wall; Cr — Cranial; Je — Jejunum; V — Right gastroepiploic vein (SpAS3). White arrows mark the cranial edge of the supraomental recess (SpAS2).
Figure 4
Figure 4
A — Ultrasonographic image from SpAS4: identification of the cranial duodenum (CrD). AW — Abdominal wall; Cr — Cranial. B — Ultrasonographic image from SpAS4: identification of the pyloric antrum (PA). AW — Abdominal wall; Cr — Cranial; V — Right gastroepiploic vein.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Ultrasonographic image of the pyloric antrum (PA). AW — Abdominal wall; Cr — Cranial.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Position of the pylori according to the entrance of the right mammary vein as indicated by the 4 operators (excluding data from cows having undergone an omentopexy). The point of intersection of both axes marks the entrance of the right mammary vein (anulus venae subcutaneae abdominis). Axes are graduated in cm. The red circles, green triangles, blue diamonds, and yellow squares represent positions of the pylori for ultrasonographers 1 (Day 1), 2 (Day 6), 3 (Day 7), and 4 (Day 8). The dashed line is a circle whose center is the entrance of the right mammary vein, and the radius is 20 cm (most pylori are included in this circle). The cross within a black square represents the average position of the pylori (2.2 cm cranial and 0.9 cm dorsal to the entrance of the vein). The black arrow points to the position of the pylorus on the first day of the cow which was diagnosed with an LDA 4 days later (between first and second ultrasonographer).
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