UBNet: Deep learning-based approach for automatic X-ray image detection of pneumonia and COVID-19 patients

Abstract

Background: Analysis of chest X-ray images is one of the primary standards in diagnosing patients with COVID-19 and pneumonia, which is faster than using PCR Swab method. However, accuracy of using X-ray images needs to be improved.

Objective: To develop a new deep learning system of chest X-ray images and evaluate whether it can quickly and accurately detect pneumonia and COVID-19 patients.

Methods: The developed deep learning system (UBNet v3) uses three architectural hierarchies, namely first, to build an architecture containing 7 convolution layers and 3 ANN layers (UBNet v1) to classify between normal images and pneumonia images. Second, using 4 layers of convolution and 3 layers of ANN (UBNet v2) to classify between bacterial and viral pneumonia images. Third, using UBNet v1 to classify between pneumonia virus images and COVID-19 virus infected images. An open-source database with 9,250 chest X-ray images including 3,592 COVID-19 images were used in this study to train and test the developed deep learning models.

Results: CNN architecture with a hierarchical scheme developed in UBNet v3 using a simple architecture yielded following performance indices to detect chest X-ray images of COVID-19 patients namely, 99.6%accuracy, 99.7%precision, 99.7%sensitivity, 99.1%specificity, and F1 score of 99.74%. A desktop GUI-based monitoring and classification system supported by a simple CNN architecture can process each chest X-ray image to detect and classify COVID-19 image with an average time of 1.21 seconds.

Conclusion: Using three hierarchical architectures in UBNet v3 improves system performance in classifying chest X-ray images of pneumonia and COVID-19 patients. A simple architecture also speeds up image processing time.

Keywords: Deep learning; chest X-ray images; classification of pneumonia; convolution neural network (CNN); detection of COVID-19.