The presence of simple renal cysts is associated with an increased risk of albuminuria in young adults

Abstract

Background/aims: The prevalence of simple renal cysts increases with age; however, they are occasionally found in adults aged < 40 years. This cross-sectional study evaluated the clinical significance of simple cysts in young adults, focusing on their associations with hematuria and albuminuria.

Methods: Adults aged < 40 years who underwent comprehensive medical examination between January 2005 and December 2013 were included. Simple renal cysts were identified by ultrasonography.

Results: Renal cysts were found in 276 of the 5,832 subjects (4.7%). Subjects with medullary sponge kidney (n = 1) or polycystic kidney disease (n = 5) were excluded. A single cyst and multiple cysts were found in 234 (4.0%) and 42 (0.7%) subjects, respectively. Age, high systolic blood pressure, and history of hypertension were independent risk factors for the presence of simple cysts. Simple cysts were not associated with an increased prevalence of hematuria. However, subjects with cysts showed a higher prevalence of albuminuria than those without (11.3% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that the existence of simple renal cysts was associated with a 2.30-fold increased prevalence of albuminuria (95% confidence interval, 1.512 to 3.519; p < 0.001) independent of other risk factors.

Conclusion: In young adults, the presence of simple renal cysts was independently associated with an increased prevalence of albuminuria. The causal relationship needs to be elucidated in further studies.

Keywords: Albuminuria; Cysts; Hypertension; Risk factors; Young adult.

Figure 1

Prevalence of albuminuria according to cyst location. There is no difference in the prevalence of albuminuria according to the cyst location (cortex, medulla, parapelvic region, and multiple; p = 0.813).