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Meta-Analysis
. 2022 Apr;24(2):172-185.
doi: 10.1177/10998004211055866. Epub 2021 Dec 4.

Clinical Features of COVID-19 Patients in the First Year of Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mohammed Al Maqbali  1 , Khalid Al Badi  2   3   4 , Mohammed Al Sinani  5 , Norah Madkhali  6 , Geoffrey L Dickens  7   8
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Clinical Features of COVID-19 Patients in the First Year of Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Mohammed Al Maqbali et al. Biol Res Nurs. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

Background: The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) carries a high risk of infection and has spread rapidly around the world. However, there are limited data about the clinical symptoms globally. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to identify the prevalence of the clinical symptoms of patient with COVID-19.

Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out. The following databases were searched: PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, medRxiv, and Google Scholar, from December 1st, 2019 to January 1st, 2021. Prevalence rates were pooled with meta-analysis using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was tested using I-squared (I2) statistics.

Results: A total of 215 studies, involving 132,647 COVID-19 patients, met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of the four most common symptoms were fever 76.2% (n = 214; 95% CI 73.9-78.5); coughing 60.4% (n = 215; 95% CI 58.6-62.1); fatigue 33.6% (n = 175; 95% CI 31.2-36.1); and dyspnea 26.2% (n = 195; 95% CI 24.1-28.5). Other symptoms from highest to lowest in terms of prevalence include expectorant (22.2%), anorexia (21.6%), myalgias (17.5%), chills (15%), sore throat (14.1%), headache (11.7%), nausea or vomiting (8.7%), rhinorrhea (8.2%), and hemoptysis (3.3%). In subgroup analyses by continent, it was found that four symptoms have a slight prevalence variation-fever, coughing, fatigue, and diarrhea.

Conclusion: This meta-analysis found the most prevalent symptoms of COVID-19 patients were fever, coughing, fatigue, and dyspnea. This knowledge might be beneficial for the effective treatment and control of the COVID-19 outbreak. Additional studies are required to distinguish between symptoms during and after, in patients with COVID-19.

Keywords: COVID-19; clinical symptoms; meta-analysis; systematic review.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
PRISMA diagram.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Forest plot of the prevalence of symptoms among COVID-19 patients.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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