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. 2021 Nov 15:9:748656.
doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.748656. eCollection 2021.

Oral Mycobiome Differences in Various Spatial Niches With and Without Severe Early Childhood Caries

Yuqi Cui  1   2 , Yinuo Wang  1   2 , Yuwen Zhang  1   2 , Liangyue Pang  1   2 , Yan Zhou  1   2 , Huancai Lin  1   2 , Ye Tao  1   2
Affiliations

Oral Mycobiome Differences in Various Spatial Niches With and Without Severe Early Childhood Caries

Yuqi Cui et al. Front Pediatr. .

Abstract

Purpose: Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a microbe-mediated disease with tooth hard tissue destruction. However, the role of the fungal community in various ecological niches of deciduous dental caries has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to analyze the differences of mycobiome in diverse spatial niches with and without S-ECC. Method: A total of 48 samples were obtained from 8 S-ECC children (SE group) and 8 caries-free children (CF group) aged 4-5 years. Unstimulated saliva (S), healthy supragingival plaque (FMIX), mixed plaque from decayed teeth (SMIX) and carious lesion (DMIX) samples were collected. The ITS2 region of the fungi was amplified and sequenced using the Ion S5™XL platform. Results: A total of 281 species were identified. Candida albicans showed relatively higher abundance in S-ECC children, while Alternaria alternata and Bipolaris sorokiniana were more enriched in CF group. In this study, the relative abundance of C. albicans in CF.FMIX (0.4%), SE.FMIX (12.5%), SE.SMIX (24.0%), and SE.DMIX (37.2%) increased successively. Significant differences of fungal species richness and diversity were observed between SE.FMIX-SE.SMIX, SE.FMIX-SE.DMIX (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The diversity of fungal communities in S-ECC children showed significant differences in various spatial niches of primary teeth. The richness of C. albicans was closely related to the caries states and depth, suggesting that it may play a crucial role in caries pathogenicity.

Keywords: ITS2; S-ECC; dental plaque; mycobiome; saliva.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Alpha and beta diversity analyses among the six categories. (A) Observed species and (B) Shannon diversity in various spatial niches with and without S-ECC. *Represents significant differences (P < 0.05) between two categories. (C) Principal coordinate analysis and (D) non-metric multidimensional scaling plot based on taxa abundance in each sample. Each point in figures represents a sample and samples of the same category are represented by the same color.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Heat map of the 35 most abundant genera for each category. Sample information was in the vertical direction, annotation information was in the horizontal direction.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Distribution of fungal profiles in children with S-ECC and caries-free. (A) At the genus level, top 30 taxa for each category. (B) Top 10 fungal species in the six categories.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Differential species among categories (Defined by LEfSe). The histograms show species with LDA scores greater than 3. (A) Differential species between CF.FMIX and SE.FMIX, (B) CF.FMIX and CF.S, (C) SE.FMIX and SE.S, and (D) CF.S and SE.S.
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