Phase 2 Open-Label Study of Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Antiviral Activity of Rilpivirine in Antiretroviral-Naive Adolescents Living with HIV-1

Abstract

This phase 2 study investigated long-term safety and efficacy of rilpivirine (RPV) plus two investigator-selected nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in HIV-1-infected antiviral therapy-naive adolescents. Participants (≥12 to <18 years of age) were treated with RPV at 25 mg once daily (q.d.) plus 2 NRTIs and entered the treatment extension period for up to 240 weeks, with visits every 3 months. Long-term safety (analysis of adverse events [AEs] and laboratory results), efficacy (virologic response and outcome for patients with viral loads of <50 and <400 by time to loss of virologic response [TLOVR] and FDA Snapshot methods, as well as CD4⁺ cell count), and adherence (by pill count) for up to 240 weeks are presented. Twenty-four of 36 participants entered the treatment extension period, and 21 completed week 240. At week 240, a viral load of <50 copies/mL was achieved by 14/32 (43.8%) participants; virologic response by TLOVR was higher in participants with a baseline viral load of ≤100,000 copies/mL (48.0%) versus a viral load of >100,000 copies/mL (28.6%). By FDA Snapshot, a viral load of <50 copies/mL at week 240 was found in 53.1% (17/32) of participants with a baseline viral load of ≤100,000 copies/mL. Higher response was observed in participants with adherence of >95% and a baseline viral load of ≤100,000 copies/mL. Through week 240, 16/32 participants (50.0%) experienced virologic failure, including seven who developed treatment-emergent RPV resistance-associated mutations (RAMs [frequently E138K]): all 7 had ≥1 treatment-emergent NRTI RAM. No serious AEs after week 48, no discontinuations due to AEs between week 48 and week 240, and no new safety signals were observed. RPV did not affect pubertal development or adolescent growth. At the 5-year follow-up, efficacy was low in adolescents, particularly those with poor adherence and/or a high baseline viral load of >100,000 copies/mL. To limit the risk of virologic failure, RPV is restricted to patients with a baseline VL of ≤100,000 copies/mL in most countries. In addition, adequate treatment adherence to RPV treatment is imperative for long-term viral suppression and should be emphasized in the management of adolescents living with HIV. RPV exhibited a favorable long-term safety profile for adolescents living with HIV-1 with adequate adherence. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT00799864.).

Keywords: HIV-1; adolescents; antiretroviral therapy; efficacy; rilpivirine; safety.

FIG 1

Study design. HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; N(t)RTIs, nucleos(t)ide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PK, pharmacokinetics; q.d., once daily; RPV, rilpivirine.

FIG 2

Virologic response (<50 copies/mL) by the time to loss of virologic response (TLOVR) approach over time; intent to treat population. B, baseline; CI, confidence interval; q.d., once daily; RPV, rilpivirine.